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Power Plant Engineering

Unit 3

Sources of Energy
Conventional Energy Sources Non-Conventional Energy Sources Renewable Energy sources Non-Renewable Energy sources

Energy Sources
Conventional Energy Source: thermal, nuclear energy sources. Non-Conventional Energy Source: Hydel, Wind, solar, Geo-thermal energy sources. Renewable Energy Source: the sources of energy which are inexhaustible. Available in abundant quantity in the earth and they are continuously restore in nature. Non-Renewable Energy Sources: The energy sources which are exhaustible. Fossil fuel & nuclear power are the example of it.

Classification of Power Plants


Thermal Power Plant Hydro-Electrical Power Plant Nuclear Power Plant Diesel Power Plant Gas Power Plant Solar Energy Power Plant Wind Energy Power Plant Tidal Power Plant Geo Thermal Power Plant Bio Mass Energy Power Plant Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

Thermal (Steam) Power Plants


Thermal power plant is to convert energy contained in the fossil fuel into mechanical or electrical energy. Coal is used as a fossil fuel for thermal power plant 2000 to 3000 tonnes of coal per day are required for the 200MW capacity power plant. Layout of thermal power plant Coal & Ash circuit Air & Gas circuit Feed water & steam circuit Cooling Water circuit.

Thermal Power Plant

Thermal Power Plant


Coal & Ash Circuit Coal delivered by ships, trains or trucks to power station Received in coal storage yard Sized by crushers, breakers, etc. Stored in stock yard(coal storage) Transferred to the boiler furnace by conveyors, elevators Ash is produced due to the combustion of coal in the furnace of the boiler. It is separated in ash precipitator and is mechanically removed. Ash disposal is a serious problem because ash is coming out in hot condition and it is highly corrosive

Thermal Power Plant


Air & Gas Circuit Air is essential for combustion of coal in the furnace. Atmospheric air is supplied to the furnace either induced draught (I.D) fan or forced draught (F.D). The air enters the pre-heater where the temperature of air slightly increased due to the heat of exhaust gases. The heated air is supplied to the combustion chamber in the furnace of the boiler. The hot flue gases leaving the furnace of the boiler flow over boiler tubes where water is converted into steam and it passes through the dust collector. The hot flue gases pass through the economiser where feed water is preheated. The hot flue gases pass through the air-preheater where air is pre-heated. Finally hot flue gases leaves to the atmosphere through chimeny.

Thermal Power Plant


Feed Water and steam flow circuit The feed water enters the boiler tubes in which water evaporates into steam with the application of heat. The steam is further heated in the super heaters. The high pressure & temperature steam passes through the steam turbine where thermal energy of steam is converted into mechanical energy and thus to electrical energy. The exhaust steam flows into condenser. Steam is cooled and condensed into water by the circulation of cooling water. The condense water is pumped to the low pressure feed heater and high pressure feed heater thus the temperature of feed water get increased. The feed water passes through the economiser is further heated up by the hot flue gases leaving the boiler. The heated feed water is fed into the boiler.

Thermal Power Plant


Cooling water circuit cooling water is required to condense the steam in the condenser. Large quantities of water is required for the purpose. Water is either taken from river or lake. When the adequate water supply is not available, the water coming out from the condenser is cooled either in cooling tower or in the cooling pond. Working Principle It is known as steam power plant The main element of power plant are boiler, turbine, condenser, feed pump. Coal is burnt in the furnace of the boiler where hot flue gases flows over the boiler and water is converted into superheated steam. The high pressure & temperature steam passes through the steam turbine where thermal energy of steam is converted into mechanical energy and thus to electrical energy.

Thermal Power Plant


Working Principle The condense water is pumped to the low pressure feed heater and high pressure feed heater thus the temperature of feed water get increased. The heated feed water is fed into the boiler. Advantages of thermal power plant Capital cost is more. Takes less time for the construction of the power plant Power developed is constant. Can be located near to the load centers. Disadvantages of thermal power plant Discharge large quantities of SO2 . Ash disposal is a serious problem. Large quantities of cooling water required for condensing of steam. Transportation of coal is very high. Cost of production of electricity is very high. Maintenance and operating cost are high.

Hydro-Electric Power Plants

Hydro-Electric Power Plants


Layout of Hydro-Electric Power Plant
Catchment area Reservoir Dam Trash racks Gate valve Surge tank Penstock Inlet valve(Nozzle) Water turbine Draft tube Tail race Power house

Hydro-Electric Power Plants


Working principle
The source of energy is water Water at higher altitude possess potential energy. When water falls from higher level to lower level its potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. Then the kinetic energy is converted into mechanical energy. The mechanical energy is drawn by allowing the water to flow through the hydraulic turbine. The mechanical energy is utilised to run the electric generator to produce the electricity.

Hydro-Electric Power Plants


Advantage of Hydro-electric power plant No consumption of energy of raw material It is cheapest in source of energy Useful life of plant is 100 years Free from environment pollution Maintenance cost is very less Disadvantage of Hydro-electric power plant Capital cost is high compare to TPP Takes longer time for construction of plant Largely depends on the nature Requires longer transmission line to transmit power to load centre

Diesel Power Plants


Diesel power are more suitable for medium output power plant and have capacities upto 5MW. Main components of diesel power plant Diesel engine Engine air intake system Fuel system Exhaust system Cooling system Lubrication system Engine starting system

Diesel Power Plants

Diesel Power Plants


Working Principle In diesel engine, air first compressed to a high pressure and temperature. A metered quantity of fuel in the form of fine sprays is injected into the hot compressed air by the fuel injector. The temperature at the end of compression is sufficient to selfignite the fuel and the combustion process begins. The combustion products expand doing work. Exhaust of the products then takes place at the end of which fresh air is taken into the cylinder and the cycle repeats itself.

Diesel Power Plants


Advantages Initial cost is less Diesel engine power plant an be located near the load center. Diesel engine power plant can be installed easily than steam power plant. Less people are needed to operate the diesel engine power plant. It can be quickly started up and stopped. Disadvantage The maintenance and operating cost are high. It is noisy in operation. Lubrication are very high. It cant be used as a central power station.

Gas Turbine Power Plants


Gas power plant are used for smaller capacities. It has found application in ship, aircraft engines and locomotives. Main components of gas turbine power plant Low pressure compressor(LPC) Compression is carried out in two stages Low pressure stage High pressure stage An intercooler is provided in between the two stages The atmospheric air enters the low pressure its pressure is increased Air at the exit of LPC is hot due to its pressure rise

Gas Turbine Power Plants

Gas Turbine Power Plants


Intercooler An intercooler is provided in between the two stages of compression in order to minimize the power required for compression at the higher stages. The hot compressed air from LPC enter the intercooler where the heat of the compressed air is removed. The cooling medium used in the intercooler is water. High Pressure Compressor The cooled air coming out of the intercooler is further compressed in the HPC. The pressure and temperature of air further increases in HPC. Nearly 66% of the power developed by high pressure turbine is used to run the compressor

Gas Turbine Power Plants


Regenerator The air from HPC enters the regenerator before it enters into the combustion chamber. In this, air is preheated by the exhaust gases coming out of the turbine. It is used to make use of this heat. Combustion chamber The hot air from regenerator mixes with fuel and the fuel is burnt in the combustion chamber. The fuel used in the gas turbine is coal gas. The products of combustion enters into the HP turbine.

Gas Turbine Power Plants


High pressure turbine The hot combination gases expand in the HP turbine. Almost 65-70% of the total power is developed in this stage. The power is used to drive the HP compressor and LP compressor. The compressors mounted on the same shaft as that of the turbine shaft. Low pressure turbine and reheater The expanded gases coming out of the HP turbine is again burnt in the reheater by adding some amount of fuel and the products of combustion is allowed to expand in the LP turbine. The remaining 35% of the power developed in this stage used to generate electrical power.

Gas Turbine Power Plants


Working Principle The atmospheric air enter the compressor where it is compressed to a high pressure and temperature. The hot air then enters into the combustion chamber and mixes with the fuel and the fuel is burnt. The product of combustion expand in the turbine and thus mechanical energy is produced. Part of this mechanical energy is used in driving the compressor mounted on the same shaft. The remaining part of this mechanical energy is utilized for producing electric power.

Gas Turbine Power Plants


Advantages The initial capital cost is very less as compared to thermal and diesel power plant. Maintenance costs are very less. Gas turbine power plant can be started up from cold very quickly, so it can be used as a peak load plant. Cooling water requirements are very little in a gas turbine plant. Floor place requirements of a gas turbine power plant are very less. Disadvantages The capacity of the gas turbine power plant is limited , so it cannot be used as a base-load plant. As 65-70% of the total energy produced is absorbed in driving the compressor and overall efficiency of the plant is very less. Life of gas turbine power plant is very less. Gas turbine power plant creates more noise in its operation.

Nuclear Power Plants


Nuclear power plant consist of two main circuits Primary circuit Secondary circuit Important elements in primary circuit Nuclear reactor Nuclear reactor is an apparatus in which heat is produced due to nuclear fission chain. To control and sustain chain reaction , the nuclear fuel should be placed in a nuclear reactor. The main function of the nuclear reactor is to control the emission and absorption of neutrons. Nuclear reactor may be different types Pressurized water reactor Boiling water reactor Fast breedor reactor

Nuclear Power Plants

Nuclear Power Plants


Reactor core It consists of fuel rods and assemblies All reactors have a central core in which nuclear fission occurs. In reactor fuel is used in the form of rods and the moderator surrounds the fuel elements Moderator Fast neutrons are emitted after the fission of uranium atoms. The fast neutrons are less effective in causing the fission of uranium 235 and try to escape from the reactor. Moderator are used to reduce the speed of fast neutrons. The commonly used moderator materials are graphite and heavy water.

Nuclear Power Plants


Reflector The main purpose of reflector is to turn back neutrons that escape from the reactor core. It surrounds the reactor core within the thermal shielding. In actual practice, the same material can be used for both moderator and reflector. Control rods The control rods are inserted into the reactor core from the top of the reactor. The function of the control rod is to absorb the excess neutrons and the chain reaction. Control rod is used to start and stop nuclear chain reaction.

Nuclear Power Plants


Thermal shield The reactor is a source of instance radiations like gamma rays and fast neutrons and these neutrons are very harmful to human life. To prevent this, a thermal shield which surrounds the entire reactor core is essential. Concrete Shield It absorbs the radiations emitted during emission fission. The radiation are harmful for living organism Coolant The main purpose of coolant is to carry away the heat produced in the reactor. The same heat carried by the coolant is used in the heat exchanger for further utilization in power generation.

Nuclear Power Plants


Important Element in Secondary Circuit Boiler The primary coolant in the primary circuit gets heated by absorbing the fission energy in the reactor core and the some energy is utilized in the heat exchanger to generate steam. Turbine The generated steam then passes through a steam turbine where the thermal energy of steam is further used for generating electric power. Condenser and feed pump The steam coming out of the turbine is condensed in the condenser and the condensate is supplied back to the boiler with the help of feed pump.

Nuclear Power Plants


Advantages Floor space requirement are very less as compared to other power plant of the same capacity As very small amount of fuel is needed for nuclear power plant, fuel transportation and storage cost are minimised. Nuclear power plant can be located at any place, so they can be established near rural areas to develop that area. Power transmission losses are minimised by locating the power plant near load centres. Disadvantage Initial Cost is very high Disposal of radioactive waste is a serious problem Cooling water requirements are more Well trained and highly specialised people are not available in NPP.

Nuclear Power Plants


Working Principle Matter consists of minute particles known as atom. The atom consists of enormous amount of binding energy Controlled fission of heavier unstable atom such as U235, Th23

This heat energy is utilised to produce steam in heat exchangers and


the steam is passed through the turbine generator set up to produce electricity.

Pump
Pump are hydraulic machine which convert mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. A pump is define as a device, when driven from some extended sources, lifts water from a lower level to a higher level. Pump are classified into two types Reciprocating Pump Centrifugal Pump The pump which lift water or a liquid from a lower level to a higher level by the action of sucking the liquid into the cylinder and pushing out the liquid from the cylinder by the reciprocating motion of piston is known as reciprocating pump. The pump which lift water from lower level to a higher level by the action of centrifugal force which is created by the rotation of impeller in the liquid is known as centrifugal pump. Reciprocating pump are called as positive displacement pump. Centrifugal pump are called as rotodynamic pump.

Reciprocating Pump
A reciprocating pump consists primarily of a piston reciprocating inside the cylinder, thus performing the suction and delivery stroke. The liquid is sucked into the cylinder and then it is pushed out due to the thrust exerted on it by a piston, which results in lifting the liquid from a lower level to a higher level. Various components of reciprocating pump Cylinder Suction pipe Delivery pipe Suction valve Delivery valve

Reciprocating Pump

Reciprocating Pump
Working Priniciple of Reciprocating Pump Let the crank be initially at its extreme left position. Now the crank is driven at an uniform speed by an electric motor. When the crank start rotating from =0 to 180, the piston moves outwards and creates a partial vacuum in the cylinder. The atmospheric pressure acting on the water surface in the sump, forces water to enter into suction pipe. The water rises in the suction pipe and forces the suction valve to open and enters the cylinder. It is called as suction stroke. When the piston is at the extreme right position =180 the cylinder is full of water, the suction valve is closed and the delivery valve is just at the point of opening. When the crank start rotating from =180 to 360 , the piston moves inwards and creates a partial vacuum in the cylinder. The movement of piston right to left increases the pressure of water in the cylinder to raise above atmospheric, due to which the suction valve closes and the delivery valve opens. The water then rises in the delivery pipe and supplied to the upper tank. This is knows as delivery stroke

Reciprocating Pump
Types of Reciprocating Pump According to Action of Water Single & double acting pump According to number of cylinder Single, Double, Triple cylinder pump According to Existence of air vessels Without air vessels & without air vessels Advantages. It does not need priming. It has more efficiency. Disadvantages It operates at lower speed. It is not able to discharge large quantities of liquid. It is complicated in construction because of more number of parts.

Reciprocating Pump

Centrifugal Pump
Impeller The impeller is a wheel which has a series of backward curved vanes. It is mounted on a shaft which is coupled to an electrical motor, it is enclosing in the casing. The fluid enters in the central portion known as the eye of the impeller and flow out radially outward and it is then discharge around the entire circumference into the casing. Casing It is an air tight chamber that surrounded the impeller Volute casing Diffuser casing Strainer and foot valve The lower end of the suction pipe is fitted with a strainer and foot valve. The liquid first enters the strainer and it prevents the debris and impurities to enter into the impeller. The foot valve is of non return type and its permits the liquid to flow in the upward direction.

Centrifugal Pump
Suction Pipe One end of the suction pipe is connected to the strainer and foot valve The other end is connected to the eye of the impeller. A poorly designed suction pipe causes insufficient net positive head, vibration, noise etc., Delivery Pipe A delivery pipe is connected to the flange of the casing and it delivers the liquid to the upper pump. The diameter of the suction and delivery pipe are usaully the same. Delivery valve Nearer to the outlet of the pump on the delivery valve is fitted. The function of delivery valve is to regulate the discharge from the pump.

Centrifugal Pump

Centrifugal Pump
Working Principle
The first step in the operation of centrifugal pump is priming Priming is the process of filling up the suction pipe, casing and portion of the delivery valve with the liquid which is to be pumped. This is required to remove the air from the portion of pump. If an impeller is made to rotate in the presence of air, only negligible pressure will be developed. As a result no liquid is lifted up by the pump. After priming the motor is started and the delivery valve is still kept closed in order to reduce the starting torque of the motor. The rotation of the impeller in the casing full of liquid produces a forced vortex which imparts a centrifugal forces to the liquid and this result in an increased pressure throughout the liquid mass. Due to increase in pressure the liquid rushes out of the casing into the delivery pipe and is discharged into the upper sump. When the delivery valve is opened, the liquid is discharged through the delivery pipe.

Centrifugal Pump
Advantages Initial Cost is low It runs at much higher speed. It is easy to install and maintain. Efficiency is high. Discharge is high. Disadvantages It need to be primed

Turbine
In steam. Gas or hydroelectric power plant. The device that drives the generator is the turbine. As the fluid passes through the turbine blades which are attached to the shaft, the shaft rotates and the turbine produces the work. Turbine is a prime mover in which rotary motion is obtained by the gradual changes of momentum of fluid. Turbines are classified into: Steam turbine Hydraulic turbine Gas turbine.

Hydraulic Turbine (Water Turbine)


Machine Which converts hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. Turbines are installed at place where a continuous supply of water under high head is available. Water is carried from the dam to the turbine through large pipes know as penstock.
Hydraulic turbines are classified into following types: According to the energy available at inlet Impulse turbine Reaction turbine According to the direction of flow Tangential flow turbine Radial flow turbine Axial flow turbine According to the head at inlet Low head turbine Medium head turbine High head turbine

Hydraulic Turbine (Water Turbine)


Impulse turbine All the hydraulic energy of water is converted into kinetic energy when it enter the impulse turbine. The jet of water from the nozzle strike against a number of buckets fixed on the periphery of a wheel, called runner and do work over it. Pelton Wheel Water is conveyed from the reservoir to the turbine through penstock. A powerful jet which comes out of the nozzle, impinges on the vane provide on the periphery of the wheel. The water after importing its energy to the turbine is discharged into the tailrace.

Hydraulic Turbine (Water Turbine)


Reaction turbine Water entering the turbine has got pressure as well as kinetic energy. Only a part of available hydraulic energy is transformed into kinetic energy before it enters the turbine under pressure. A air tight casing is necessary for a reaction turbine. Different types of reaction turbine Francis Turbine Kaplan Turbine The water flows parallel to the axis of rotation. The shaft of the turbine is vertical and lower end of the shaft is made larger to form the boss or hub. A number of vanes are fixed to the boss. The turbine is enclosed in a scrolling casing which receives water from the main. From the scrolling casing water is directed to the runner blades through guiding vanes.

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