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Unit 3
Sources of Energy
Conventional Energy Sources Non-Conventional Energy Sources Renewable Energy sources Non-Renewable Energy sources
Energy Sources
Conventional Energy Source: thermal, nuclear energy sources. Non-Conventional Energy Source: Hydel, Wind, solar, Geo-thermal energy sources. Renewable Energy Source: the sources of energy which are inexhaustible. Available in abundant quantity in the earth and they are continuously restore in nature. Non-Renewable Energy Sources: The energy sources which are exhaustible. Fossil fuel & nuclear power are the example of it.
Pump
Pump are hydraulic machine which convert mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. A pump is define as a device, when driven from some extended sources, lifts water from a lower level to a higher level. Pump are classified into two types Reciprocating Pump Centrifugal Pump The pump which lift water or a liquid from a lower level to a higher level by the action of sucking the liquid into the cylinder and pushing out the liquid from the cylinder by the reciprocating motion of piston is known as reciprocating pump. The pump which lift water from lower level to a higher level by the action of centrifugal force which is created by the rotation of impeller in the liquid is known as centrifugal pump. Reciprocating pump are called as positive displacement pump. Centrifugal pump are called as rotodynamic pump.
Reciprocating Pump
A reciprocating pump consists primarily of a piston reciprocating inside the cylinder, thus performing the suction and delivery stroke. The liquid is sucked into the cylinder and then it is pushed out due to the thrust exerted on it by a piston, which results in lifting the liquid from a lower level to a higher level. Various components of reciprocating pump Cylinder Suction pipe Delivery pipe Suction valve Delivery valve
Reciprocating Pump
Reciprocating Pump
Working Priniciple of Reciprocating Pump Let the crank be initially at its extreme left position. Now the crank is driven at an uniform speed by an electric motor. When the crank start rotating from =0 to 180, the piston moves outwards and creates a partial vacuum in the cylinder. The atmospheric pressure acting on the water surface in the sump, forces water to enter into suction pipe. The water rises in the suction pipe and forces the suction valve to open and enters the cylinder. It is called as suction stroke. When the piston is at the extreme right position =180 the cylinder is full of water, the suction valve is closed and the delivery valve is just at the point of opening. When the crank start rotating from =180 to 360 , the piston moves inwards and creates a partial vacuum in the cylinder. The movement of piston right to left increases the pressure of water in the cylinder to raise above atmospheric, due to which the suction valve closes and the delivery valve opens. The water then rises in the delivery pipe and supplied to the upper tank. This is knows as delivery stroke
Reciprocating Pump
Types of Reciprocating Pump According to Action of Water Single & double acting pump According to number of cylinder Single, Double, Triple cylinder pump According to Existence of air vessels Without air vessels & without air vessels Advantages. It does not need priming. It has more efficiency. Disadvantages It operates at lower speed. It is not able to discharge large quantities of liquid. It is complicated in construction because of more number of parts.
Reciprocating Pump
Centrifugal Pump
Impeller The impeller is a wheel which has a series of backward curved vanes. It is mounted on a shaft which is coupled to an electrical motor, it is enclosing in the casing. The fluid enters in the central portion known as the eye of the impeller and flow out radially outward and it is then discharge around the entire circumference into the casing. Casing It is an air tight chamber that surrounded the impeller Volute casing Diffuser casing Strainer and foot valve The lower end of the suction pipe is fitted with a strainer and foot valve. The liquid first enters the strainer and it prevents the debris and impurities to enter into the impeller. The foot valve is of non return type and its permits the liquid to flow in the upward direction.
Centrifugal Pump
Suction Pipe One end of the suction pipe is connected to the strainer and foot valve The other end is connected to the eye of the impeller. A poorly designed suction pipe causes insufficient net positive head, vibration, noise etc., Delivery Pipe A delivery pipe is connected to the flange of the casing and it delivers the liquid to the upper pump. The diameter of the suction and delivery pipe are usaully the same. Delivery valve Nearer to the outlet of the pump on the delivery valve is fitted. The function of delivery valve is to regulate the discharge from the pump.
Centrifugal Pump
Centrifugal Pump
Working Principle
The first step in the operation of centrifugal pump is priming Priming is the process of filling up the suction pipe, casing and portion of the delivery valve with the liquid which is to be pumped. This is required to remove the air from the portion of pump. If an impeller is made to rotate in the presence of air, only negligible pressure will be developed. As a result no liquid is lifted up by the pump. After priming the motor is started and the delivery valve is still kept closed in order to reduce the starting torque of the motor. The rotation of the impeller in the casing full of liquid produces a forced vortex which imparts a centrifugal forces to the liquid and this result in an increased pressure throughout the liquid mass. Due to increase in pressure the liquid rushes out of the casing into the delivery pipe and is discharged into the upper sump. When the delivery valve is opened, the liquid is discharged through the delivery pipe.
Centrifugal Pump
Advantages Initial Cost is low It runs at much higher speed. It is easy to install and maintain. Efficiency is high. Discharge is high. Disadvantages It need to be primed
Turbine
In steam. Gas or hydroelectric power plant. The device that drives the generator is the turbine. As the fluid passes through the turbine blades which are attached to the shaft, the shaft rotates and the turbine produces the work. Turbine is a prime mover in which rotary motion is obtained by the gradual changes of momentum of fluid. Turbines are classified into: Steam turbine Hydraulic turbine Gas turbine.