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grammars) of a learners language as it moves toward the target L2. Creative process, driven by inner forces and interaction, and influenced by L1 and input from the target language.
Characteristics of Interlanguage
Systematic (governed by rules and by
students L1) Dynamic (changes frequently) Variable (based on context and situation) Reduced system (form)- the interlanguage is less complex grammatically in form Reduced system (function)- used for a smaller range of communicative needs.
Differences in IL in L2 and L1
Language transfer
Fossilization
Cease learning a language before they reach
target language norms. This happens despite students receive L2 input and passage of time. More likely to happen among older L2 learners. Also depends on social identity and need to communicate
childrens innate knowledge and language. Collection of five hypotheses which have major claims and assumptions about learning a language
Monitor
Natural Order
Input
Affective filter
Acquisition Learning
What is the difference between acquisition and learning? Acquisition- subconscious learning, not aware; involves the LAD Learning- conscious; what happens in the classroom.
Monitor
What is learned is available only as a monitor, for purposes of editing or making changes in what has already been produced.
Natural Order
Acquire the rules of language in a predictable order.
Affective Filter
How one feels about the learning process.
Conscious learning is taking place. Input may not be processed if this is up. Lower their affective filter
competence (what learners know about the language) not on the use of the language. This knowledge is deeper than the input students get. (Innate)
Innate Knowledge
Competency in L1 come from the innate
knowledge that all students possess. Knowledge is also based on what all languages have. Innate knowledge= language faculty (physically represented in the brain)
Innate Knowledge
Children already have a rich system of
knowledge that they bring when are they learning L1. They are not learning UG; UG is present at birth, but this capacity is awaken with input. But, does this knowledge apply to individuals who are learning additional languages beyond childhood?
UG and L2
What is the initial state in L2? (Starting
point) What is the nature of interlanguage and how does it change over time? What is the final state in SLA?
Initial State
Learners already have knowledge of L1
when L2 acquisition begins. L1 knowledge is transferred, but what transfers and what to degree depends on: -Any similarities between L1 and L2? -Why and how the person is learning L2?
positive transfer happens. When L1 and L2 settings are different, negative transfer or interference occurs.
Final State
All learners may not have the same degree
of access to UG. Different relationships between L1 and L2 may result in negative transfer or interference. Some learners may receive different input (in terms of quality).
Functional Approaches
Emphasize the content of what is being
situations (performance) as well as underlying knowledge (competence). Purpose of language is communication, and to develop that knowledge requires communicative use. Study how language is used in interaction.