Day 8 - Chapter 5 September 19th

You to edit Master expect with Click know what tosubtitle style Youtube Assignments now - Please make sure they are complete-

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How do genes work?

An overview

Just as having a recipe for chocolate chip cookies is not the same thing as having the actual cookies

Think about it: every cell contains all of the information Click to edit Master subtitle style needed to manufacture every protein in the body.
This means that the skin cells on your arm contain the genes for producing liver cells and red blood cells and muscle tissuebut they dont.

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Genotype

all of the genes contained in an organism

Phenotype

the physical manifestations of the instructions

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5.6 Transcription: reading the information coded in DNA

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5.7 Translation: using information from DNA to build usable molecules

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Several ingredients must be present in the cytoplasm for translation to occur.

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Free amino acids Ribosomal units Transfer RNA

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Causes and effects of mutation

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Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA

can lead to changes in the structure and function of the proteins produced can have a range of effects

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Mutations
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Bad reputation Tend to be disruptive Very, very rare

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Almost everyone in the U.S. consumes genetically modified foods regularly without knowing it.
What foods are responsible for this?

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Insect Resistance

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How can genetically modified plants lead to reduced pesticide use by farmers?
1961, the toxic Bt crystals were included in pesticides 1995, however, recombinant DNA technology let to DNA that included Bt

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Herbicide Resistance

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Faster Growth and Bigger Bodies

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5.16 Fears and risks: the safety of genetically modified foods

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Fear #1. Organisms that we want to kill may become invincible. Fear #2. Organisms that we dont want to kill may be killed inadvertently. Fear #3. Genetically modified crops are not tested 4/15/12 or regulated adequately.

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(1) Mapping Genetic Landscapes: The Human Genome Project

the three billion nucleotide base pairs in the human genome 4/15/12 and to identify all the genes present in it, 2000

(2) Building Earths Family Tree

phylogenetic trees were built based on similarities in organisms physical structures and embryological development, DNA sequences

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When we say humans and chimps are genetically 96% identical, what do we mean?

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5.19 The promise and perils of cloning

From organs to individuals

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1997 Ian Wilmut, a British scientis t, first cloned a sheep

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surprising ly simple in concept

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Are there any medical justifications for cloning?

Cloned animals might produce human medicines or organs

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Is it possible to clone a dinosaur? How could it be done?

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A chicken dinosaur? Scientists discover what the bird might have look liked in prehistoric times

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Click to edit Master subtitle style

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Bladder Cancer cells

6.1 Immortal cells can spell trouble: cell division in sickness and health.
Once you are fully grown, do you have just one set of cells that live as long as you do?
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Telomeres
(Like a cars odometer)
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The telomere is like a protective cap at the end of the DNA. Every time a cell divides, the telomere gets a bit shorter.

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Is there a Fountain of Youth?

At birth, the telomeres in most human cells are long enough to support about 50 cell divisions

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Cancer
These are cells that rebuild their telomeres after each cell division, restoring the protective 4/15/12

Cancer cells are those which have forgotten how to die.

Harold Pinter

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