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CHAPTER 1:
Physical quantities and
measurements
(5 Hours)
1
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Learning Outcome:
1.1 Physical Quantities and Units (2 hours)
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2
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
1.1 Physical Quantities and Units
Physical quantity is defined as a quantity which can be measured.
It can be categorised into 2 types
Basic (base) quantity
Derived quantity
Table 1.2
Work W F×s kg m2 s-2 @ J
4
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Unit is defined as a standard size of measurement of physical
quantities.
Examples :
1 second is defined as the time required for 9,192,631,770
vibrations of radiation emitted by a caesium-133 atom.
1 kilogram is defined as the mass of a platinum-iridium
cylinder kept at International Bureau of Weights and
Measures Paris.
Paris
1 meter is defined as the length of the path travelled by light
in vacuum during a time interval of
1
s
299,792,458
5
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
The unit of basic quantity is called base unit
addition unit for base unit:
π rad = 180o
180 o
1 rad = = 57.296 o
π
The common system of units used today are S.I unit (System
International/metric system) and cgs unit - UK.
The unit of derived quantity – called derived unit 6
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
1.1.1 Unit Prefixes
It is used for presenting larger and smaller values.
Table 1.3 shows all the unit prefixes.
Prefix Value Symbol
tera × 1012 T
giga × 109 G
mega × 106 M
kilo × 103 k
deci × 10-1 d
centi × 10-2 c
milli × 10-3 m
micro × 10-6 µ
Table 1.3 nano × 10-9 n
Examples: pico × 10-12 p
2700000 m = 2700 km = 2.7 Mm
Length Mass
1 m = 39.37 in = 3.281 ft 1 kg = 103 g
1 in = 2.54 cm 1 slug = 14.59 kg
1 km = 0.621 mi 1 lb = 0.453 592 kg
1 mi = 5280 ft = 1.609 km 1 kg = 0.0685 slug
1 angstrom (Å) = 10-10 m
Table 1.4
8
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Example 1 :
Solve the following problems of unit conversion.
a. 30 mm2 = ? m2 b. 865 km h-1 = ? m s-1
c. 300 g cm-3 = ? kg m-3 d. 17 cm = ? in
e. 24 mi h-1 = ? km s-1
Solution :
a. 30 mm2 = ? m2
(1 mm) 2
= 10 m( −3
) 2
1 mm 2 = 10 −6 m 2
30 mm 2 = 30 × 10 −6 m 2 or 3.0 × 10 −5 m 2
b. 865 km h-1 = ? m s-1
1st method : 865 × 10 3
m
865 km h =
−1
1 h
865 × 10 3
m
865 km h =
−1
3600 s
−1 −1
865 km h = 240 m s 9
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
−1 865 km 1000 m 1 h
2nd method : 865 km h =
1 h 1 km 3600 s
−1 865 km 1000 m 1 h
865 km h =
1 h 1 km 3600 s
865 km h −1 = 240 m s −1
c. 300 g cm-3 = ? kg m-3
300 g 10 -3
kg 1 cm 3
-3
300 g cm =
1 cm 3
1 g ( )
10 - 2 3
m 3
300 g cm −3 = 3.0 × 105 kg m -3
10
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
d. 17 cm = ? in
2.54
1
in
17 cm = (17 cm )
1 cm
17 cm = 6.69 in
e. 24 mi h-1 = ? km s-1
-1 24 mi 1.609 km 1 h
24 mi h =
1 h 1 mi 3600 s
24 mi h −1 = 1.07 × 10 -2 km s -1
11
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
1.1.3 Dimensional Analysis
Dimension is defined as a technique or method which the physical
quantity can be expressed in terms of combination of basic
quantities.
quantities
It can be written as
[physical quantity or its symbol]
Table 1.5 shows the dimension of basic quantities.
13
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Example 2 :
Determine a dimension and the S.I. unit for the following quantities:
a. Velocity b. Acceleration c. Linear momentum
d. Density e. Force
Solution :
a.
[ Velocity] = [
change in displacement ]
or
[ time interval]
[ v] = [ ∆s ]
[ ∆t ]
L
[ v] = = LT −1
T
The S.I. unit of velocity is m s-1.
14
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
b. [ a] = [ ∆v ] c. [ p ] = [ m] × [ v ]
[ ∆t ]
LT −1 [ p] = ( M ) ( LT −1 )
[ a] =
T [ p ] = MLT −1
[ a ] = LT −2 S.I. unit : kg m s-1.
Its unit is m s-2.
d.
[ m] e. [ F ] = [ m] × [ a ]
[ ρ] =
[V ] [ F ] = ( M ) ( LT −2 )
[ ρ] = [ m]
[ l ] × [ w] × [ h ] [ F ] = MLT −2
M
[ ρ] = S.I. unit : kg m s-2.
L×L×L
[S.I.ρ]unit
= ML −3
: kg m .-3
15
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Example 3 :
Determine Whether the following expressions are dimensionally correct
or not.
a. s = ut + 1 at 2 where s, u, a and t represent the displacement,
initial velocity,2acceleration and the time of an object respectively.
b. v = u − 2 gs where s, u, v and g represent the displacement,
initial velocity, final velocity and the gravitational acceleration
respectively.
c. l where T, l and g represent the period of simple
T = 2π
g
pendulum , length of the simple pendulum and the gravitational
acceleration respectively.
16
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Solution :
a. Dimension on the LHS : [ s] = L
Dimension on the RHS : [ ut ] = [ u ][ t ] = ( LT −1 )( T ) = L
and
[ 1
2
] ( )( )
at 2 = [ 21 ][ a ][ t ] = ( 1) LT -2 T 2 = L
2
[ 2 gs ] = [ 2][ g ][ s ] = ( 1) ( LT -2 )( L ) = L2T -2
Thus
[ v] =the[ uequation
Therefore ] ≠ [ 2 gsabove
] is not homogeneous or dimensionally
incorrect. 17
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Solution :
c. Dimension on the LHS : [T ] = T
Dimension on the RHS :
l
= [ 2π ][ l ] [ g ]
1 − 12
2π 2
g
l
2π
g
(
= ( 1)( L ) 2 LT
1
−
)
2 − 12
=T
l
[ T ] = 2π
Therefore the equation above
g
is homogeneous or dimensionally
correct.
18
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Example 4 :
The period, T of a simple pendulum depends on its length l,
acceleration due to gravity, g and mass, m. By using dimensional
analysis, obtain an equation for period of the simple pendulum.
Solution :
Suppose that : T ∝ l x g y m z
Then x y z
T = kl g m …………………(1)
where k, x, y and z are dimensionless constants.
[T ] = [ k ][l ] [ g ] [ m]
x y z
T = (1) L (LT ) M z
x −2 y
T = Lx + y T −2 y M z
L0 T1M 0 = Lx + y T −2 y M z
19
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
By equating the indices on the left and right sides of the equation, thus
x + y = 0 …………………(2)
− 2y =1
y = − 12 …………………(3)
z =0
By substituting eq. (3) into eq. (2), thus
x + ( − 12 ) = 0
x = 1
Replace the value of x, y and z in eq. 2
(1), therefore
1 − 12
T = kl g m 0
2
l
T =k
g
The value of k can be determined experimentally.
20
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Example 5 :
Determine the unit of γ in term of basic unit by using the equation
below:
4γ
Pi − Po =
R
where Pi and Po are pressures of the soap bubble and R is the radius
of the bubble.
Solution :
[
[ P] = = F ] [ m][ a ] MLT
=
−2
= ML T −1 −2
[ A] [ A] L 2
[ R] = L
21
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
1
γ = R ( Pi − Po )
4
1
[ γ ] = [ R ][( Pi − Po ) ]
4
Since
[ Pi ] = [ Po ] = [ P ] thus
1
[ γ ] = [ R ][ P ]
4
(
[ γ ] = (1)( L ) ML−1T −2 )
[ γ ] = MT −2
Therefore the unit of γ is kg s
-2
22
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Exercise 1.1 :
1. Deduce the unit of η(eta) in term of basic unit for the equation
below:
F Δv
=η
A Δl
where F is the force, A is the area, ∆v is the change in velocity
and ∆l is the change in distance.
ANS. : kg m-1 s-1
6. A sphere of radius r and density ρs falls in a liquid of density ρf. It
achieved a terminal velocity vT given by the following expression:
2
vT =
2r g
9 k
(
ρs − ρ f )
where k is a constant and g is acceleration due to gravity.
Determine the dimension of k.
ANS. : M L-1 T-1
23
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Exercise 1.1 :
1. The escape velocity, v for a tomahawk missile which escape the
gravitational attraction of the earth is depend on the radius of the
earth, r and the acceleration due to gravity, g. By using dimensional
analysis, obtain an expression for escape velocity, v.
ANS. :
v = k gr
Show that the equation below is dimensionally correct.
πR 4 ( P1 − P2 )
Q=
8 ηL
Where R is the inside radius of the tube, L is its length, P1-P2 is
the pressure difference between the ends, η is the coefficient of
viscosity ( N s m-2) and Q is the volume rate of flow ( m3 s-1).
24
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Learning Outcome:
1.2 Scalars and Vectors (3 hours)
www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physics
26
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
1.2 Scalars and Vectors
Scalar quantity is defined as a quantity with magnitude only.
e.g. mass, time, temperature, pressure, electric current, work,
energy and etc.
Mathematics operational : ordinary algebra
27
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
1.2.1 Vectors
Vector A
Length of an arrow– magnitude of vector A
Direction of arrow – direction of vector A
y
v
30°
0 x
30
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Cartesian coordinates
2-Dimension (2-D)
s = ( x, y ) = ( 2 m, 4 m)
y/m
4
s
0
x/m
2
31
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
3-Dimension (3-D)
s = ( x, y , z ) = ( 4, 3, 2) m
y/m
s
x/m
0 4
z/m
32
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
( )
Polar coordinates
F = 50 N,120
F
120°
- +
33
-
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
1.2.3 Addition of Vectors
There are two methods involved in addition of vectors graphically i.e.
Parallelogram
Triangle
For example : A + B
A B
Parallelogram Triangle
A+ B A+ B
B
B
O O
A A 34
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Triangle of vectors method:
Use a suitable scale to draw vector A.
From the head of vector A draw a line to represent the vector B.
Complete the triangle. Draw a line from the tail of vector A to the
head of vector B to represent the vector A + B.
A+ B = B+ A Commutative Rule
A
B
B+ A
O
35
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
If there are more than 2 vectors therefore
Use vector polygon and associative rule. E.g. P+Q+ R
Q
P R
(
P+Q + R )
P (
P+Q )
R
Q
( )
P+Q + R = P+ Q+ R ( ) Associative Rule
36
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Distributive Rule :
(
)
a. α A + B = αA + αB
α , β are real number
b. ( α + β ) A = αA + β A
For example :
Proof of case a: let α =2
( ) ( )
α A+ B = 2 A+ B
A+ B
B
( )
O
A
2 A+ B
37
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
αA + α B = 2 A + 2 B
2 A + 2B
2B
O
2A
(
)
2 A + B = 2 A + 2B
38
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Proof of case b: let α = 2 and β =1
(α + β ) A = ( 2 + 1) A = 3 A
A
3A
αA + β A = 2 A + 1 A
2A
+
A
=
3A
( 2 + 1) A = 2 A + 1A 39
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
1.2.4 Subtraction
of Vectors
For example : C−D
−D
C
D
( )
C−D=C+ −D
Parallelogram Triangle
C C
O O
C−D C−D −D
−D
40
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Vectors subtraction can be used
to determine the velocity of one object relative to another object
i.e. to determine the relative velocity.
to determine the change in velocity of a moving object.
Exercise 1.2 :
Vector A has a magnitude of 8.00 units and 45° above the positive x
axis. Vector B also has a magnitude of 8.00 units and is directed along
the negative x axis. Using graphical methods and suitable scale to
determine
a) A + B b) A − B
c) A + 2B d) 2A − B
(Hint : use 1 cm = 2.00 units)
41
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
1.2.5 Resolving a Vector
1st method : 2nd method :
y y
D φ D φ
Dy Dy
θ
x x
0 0
Dx Dx
Dx Dx
= cos θ ⇒ Dx = D cos θ = sin φ ⇒ Dx = D sin φ
D D
Dy Dy
= sin θ ⇒ D y = D sin θ = cos φ ⇒ D y = D cos φ
D D
42
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
The magnitude of vector D :
D or D = ( Dx ) 2
( )
+ Dy
2
Direction of vector D :
Dy −1
Dy
tan θ = θ = tan
or
Dx Dx
Vector D in terms of unit vectors written as
D = Dx iˆ + D y ˆj
43
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Example 6 :
A car moves at a velocity of 50 m s-1 in a direction north 30° east.
Calculate the component of the velocity
a) due north. b) due east.
Solution :
N a) v N = v sin 60 or v N = v cos 30
v N = 50 sin 60 v N = 50 cos 30
v 30° v = 43.3 m s −1
N v N
60°
W E
vE v
b) E = v cos 60
or v = v sin 30
E
v E = 50 cos 60 v E = 50 sin 30
v E = 25 m s −1
S
44
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Example 7 :
F
120°
x
S
A particle S experienced a force of 100 N as shown in figure above.
Determine the x-component and the y-component of the force.
Solution :
y Vector x-component y-component
Fx = − F cos 60
F y = F sin 60
F3 (40 N )
The figure above shows three forces F1, F2 and F3 acted on a particle O.
Calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on particle
O.
46
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
y
Solution :
F1 y F1
F3 x 20°
x
30o O 45o F1 x F2 x
F3y
F3 F2 y
F2
Fr
=∑ F = F1 + F2 + F3
=∑
∑
Fr Fx + Fy
∑ Fx
= F1 x + F2 x + F3 x
∑ Fy = F1 y + F2 y + F3 y 47
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Solution :
F1 x = F1 cos 20
F1 y = F1 sin 20
F1 F1 x = 10 cos 20 F1 y = 10 sin 20
F1 x = 9.40 N F1 y = 3.42 N
F2 x = 30 cos 45 F2 y = −30 sin 45
F2 = −21.2 N
F2 x = 21.2 N F2 y
F3 x = −40 cos 30 F3 y = −40 sin 30
F3
F3 x = −34.6 N F3 y = −20.0 N
sum
∑F x = −4.00 N ∑ Fy = −37.8 N
48
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Solution :
The magnitude of the resultant force is
Fr = (∑ F ) + (∑ F )
x
2
y
2
Fr = ( − 4.00) 2
+ ( − 37.8)
2
Fr = 38.0 N y
264
and its direction is ∑ Fx
x
θ = tan
−1 ∑F y
84.0°
O
∑F
x ∑ Fy
− 37.8
−1
θ = tan Fr
− 4.00
θ = 84.0 or 264 from positive x - axis( anticlockwise )
49
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Exercise1.3 :
1. Vector A has components Ax = 1.30 cm, Ay = 2.25 cm; vector B
has components Bx = 4.10 cm, By = -3.75
cm.Determine
the components of the vector sum A+ B ,
the magnitude and direction ofA +B ,
the components of the vector B− A,
the magnitude and direction of B − A . (Young & freedman,pg.35,no.1.42)
ANS. : 5.40 cm, -1.50 cm; 5.60 cm, 345° ; 2.80 cm, -6.00 cm;
6.62 cm, 295°
4. For the vectors A and B in figure 1.2, use the method of vector
themagnitude and direction of
resolution to determine
a) the vector sum A + B , y
( )
b) the vector sum B + A , B 18.0 m s -1
c) the vector difference A − B ,
d) the vector difference B − A.
(Young & freedman,pg.35,no.1.39)
[ aˆ ] = 1
Unit vector for 3 dimension axes :
x - axis ⇒iˆ @ i (bold )
y - axis ⇒ ˆj @ j (bold ) iˆ = ˆj = kˆ = 1
z - axis ⇒kˆ @ k (bold )
51
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
y
ĵ
x
k̂
iˆ
z
Vector can be written in term of unit vectors as :
r = rx iˆ + ry ˆj + rz kˆ
Magnitude of vector,
r= ( rx ) 2 + ( ry ) 2 + ( rz ) 2
52
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
E.g. :
(
s = 4iˆ + 3 ˆj + 2kˆ m )
s= ( 4 ) 2 + ( 3) 2 + ( 2 ) 2 = 5.39 m
y/m
3 ĵ
s
x/m
2k̂ 0 4iˆ
z/m
53
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Example 9 :
Two vectors are given as:
(
a = 2iˆ − 4 ˆj + 5kˆ m )
(
b = − 7iˆ + 8 ˆj + kˆ m )
Calculate
and its magnitude,
e) the vector a
+ b
f) the vector
b − a and its magnitude,
g) the vector 2a + b and its magnitude.
Solution :
(a + b)
a)
x = a x + bx = 2 − 7 = −5iˆ
(a + b )
y = a y + by = −4 + 8 = 4 ˆj
(
)
a + b z = a z + bz = 5 + 1 = 6kˆ
(
a + b = − 5iˆ + 4 ˆj + 6kˆ m
The magnitude,
)
a+b = ( − 5) 2 + ( 4 ) 2 + ( 6 ) 2 = 8.78 m
54
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
b) (
)
b − a x = bx − a x = −7 − 2 = −9iˆ
(
)
b − a y = b y − a y = 8 + 4 = 12 ˆj
(b − a )
z = b z − a z = 1 − 5 = − 4 ˆ
k
(
b − a = − 9iˆ + 12 ˆj − 4kˆ m )
The magnitude, b − a = ( − 9) 2 + (12) 2 + ( − 4) 2 = 15.5 m
c) (
)
2a + b x = 2a x + bx = 2( 2 ) − 7 = −3iˆ
(
)
2a + b y = 2a y + b y = 2( − 4 ) + 8 = 0 ˆj
(
)
2a + b z = 2a z + bz = 2( 5) + 1 = 11kˆ
(
2 a + b = − 3iˆ + 11kˆ m )
The magnitude, 2a + b = ( − 3) 2 + (11) 2 = 11.4 m
55
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
1.2.7 Multiplication of Vectors
Scalar (dot) product
The physical meaning of the scalar
product can be explained by
considering two vectors A and B as shown in figure 1.3a.
A
Figure 1.3a θ
B
shows
Figure 1.3b
the projection of vector B onto the direction
of
(
vector A . A • B = A component of B parallel to A
)
A A
B cos θ
θ θ
Figure 1.3b Figure 1.3c
B Acos θ B
shows
Figure 1.3c the projection of vector A onto the direction of
(
vector B . A • B = B component of A parallel to B 56
)
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
From the figure 1.3b, the scalar product can be defined as
A • B = A( B cos θ )
meanwhile from the figure 1.3c,
B • A = B ( A cos θ )
where θ : angle between two vectors
The scalar product is a scalar quantity.
quantity
The angle θ ranges from 0° to 180 °.
When 0 < θ < 90 scalar product is positive
9 0 < θ < 180 scalar product is negative
θ = 90 scalar product is zero
The scalar product obeys the commutative law of multiplication i.e.
A• B = B • A
57
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Example of scalar product is work done by a constant force where the
expression is givenby
W = F • s = F ( s cos θ ) = s( F cos θ )
The scalar product of the unit vectors are shown below :
y
iˆ • iˆ = i 2 cos 0 o = (1) (1) = 1
2
The angle θ , B= ( − 2) 2 + ( − 1) 2 + ( 5) 2 = 30
A • B = AB cos θ
−1 A• B −1 − 19
θ = cos = cos
AB
14 30
θ = 158 59
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Vector (cross) product
Consider two vectors : A = xiˆ + yˆj + zkˆ
B = piˆ + qˆj + rkˆ
In general, the vector product
is defined
as
A× B = C
and its magnitude is given by
A × B = C = A B sin θ = AB sin θ
where θ : angle between two vectors
The angle θ ranges from 0° to 180 ° so the vector product always
positive value.
quantity.
Vector product is a vector quantity
The direction of vector C is determined by
RIGHT-HAND RULE
60
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
For example:
How to use right hand rule :
Swept the 4 fingers from the 1st vector towards the 2nd vector.
C A× B = C
B
A
B C
B× A = C
A
A× B ≠ B × A
(
but A × B = − B × A
)
Direction of the vector product (C ) always
perpendicular to the
plane containing the vectors A and B.
61
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
The vector product of the unit vectors are shown below :
y
iˆ × ˆj = − ˆj × iˆ = kˆ
ˆj × kˆ = −kˆ × ˆj = iˆ
ĵ
k̂ x kˆ × iˆ = −iˆ × kˆ = ˆj
iˆ
iˆ × iˆ = i 2 sin 0 o = 0
z
ˆj × ˆj = j 2 sin 0 o = 0 iˆ × iˆ = ˆj × ˆj = kˆ × kˆ = 0
kˆ × kˆ = k 2 sin 0 o = 0
Example of vector product is a magnetic force on the straight
conductor carrying current places in magnetic field where the
expression is given by
F = I l ×B( )
F = IlB sin θ 62
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
The vector product can also be expressed in determinant form as
iˆ ˆj kˆ
A× B = x y z
p q r
1st method :
A × B = ( yr − zq ) iˆ − ( xr − zp ) ˆj + ( xq − yp ) kˆ
2nd method :
A × B = ( yr − zq ) iˆ + ( zp − xr ) ˆj + ( xq − yp ) kˆ
Note :
The angle between two vectors can only be determined by using
the scalar (dot) product.
63
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Example 11 :
Given two vectors : A = 5 ˆ − 2 ˆj + 4kˆ
i
B = iˆ + ˆj + 5kˆ
Determine
a) A × B and its magnitude b) A • B
c) the angle between vectors A and B .
Solution :
iˆ ˆj kˆ
a)
A× B = 5 − 2 4
1 1 5
A × B = ( ( − 2 )( 5) − ( 4 )(1) ) iˆ − ( ( 5)( 5) − ( 4 )(1) ) ˆj + ( ( 5)(1) − ( − 2 )(1) ) kˆ
A× B = ( − 10 − 4) iˆ − ( 25 − 4 ) ˆj + ( 5 + 2) kˆ
A × B = −14iˆ − 21 ˆj + 7kˆ
A × B = ( − 14 ) + ( − 21) + ( 7 )
2 2 2
The magnitude,
A × B = 26.2 64
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
b)
( )(
A • B = 5iˆ − 2 ˆj + 4kˆ • iˆ + ˆj + 5kˆ
)
A • B = ( 5)(1) iˆ • iˆ + ( − 2 )(1) ˆj • ˆj + ( 4 )( 5) kˆ • kˆ
A • B = 5 − 2 + 20
A • B = 23
c) The magnitude of vectors,
A= ( 5) 2 + ( − 2 ) 2 + ( 4 ) 2 = 45
B= (1) 2 + (1) 2 + ( 5) 2 = 27
Using the scalar
(dot) product formula,
A • B = AB cos θ
A• B −1 23
θ = cos −1
= cos
AB 45 27
θ = 48.7
65
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
Exercise 1.4 :
ˆ + 5 ˆj ˆ + 4 ˆj , determine
a
1. If vector = 3i and vector
b = 2 i
( )
a) a × b , b) a • b , c) a + b • b .
ANS. : 2kˆ; 26; 46
− 21; − 9; 5iˆ − 11 ˆj − 9k
If vector and vector ,
ˆ ˆ ˆ
determineP = 3i + 2 j − k ˆ ˆ ˆ
Q = −2i + 4 j + 3k
a)
P ×angle
b) the Q between and .
ANS. : P Q
10iˆ − 7 ˆj + 16kˆ; 92.8
66
PHYSICS CHAPTER 1
THE END…
Next Chapter…
CHAPTER 2 :
Kinematics of Linear Motion
67