KRISHNA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

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INDUSTRIAL TRAINING PRESENTATION ON

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Optical fiber PRESENTED BY:VIPIN KUMAR DWIVEDI ROLL NO.0816131096

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INTRODUCTION TO PGCIL

POWER GRID CORPORATION OF INDIA LIMITED (PGCIL) is the Central transmission utility of India which possesses one of the largest transmission networks in the world. in October 1989, today it owns and operates over 40,000 circuit kms of EHV transmission lines along with 66 sub-stations having over 33,230 MVA transformation capacity. About one third (30,000 MW) of the total generating capacity in India is transmitted through POWER GRID system.

Incorporated

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Unique features of powergrid network

Instant bandwidth allocation on POWERGRIDs Telecom route to end connectivity Instant up gradation to higher capacity Service Level catering to the specific needs of the customers reliability, high quality service in a cost effective manner

End

Better

Services High

Need of opticalfiber
Use

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of twisted pair and coaxial cable. of the signal

Distortion

Attenuation of higher frequency

resistance of speed in Gbps

Use
High

Need

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History of optical fiber

The

use of fiber-optics was generally not available until 1970 when Corning Glass Works was able to produce a fiber with a loss of 20 dB/km. is, 1% of the light would remain after travelling 1 km. optical fiber attenuation ranges from 0.2dB/km to 1000dB/km depending on the optical fiber used.

That

Today's

Use of optical fiber cable in telecommunication

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Composition of optical fiber

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How fiber works

Light

is ejected into the glass core at the correct angle and transmitted; it will reflect back repeatedly with internal reflections, even when the rod is curved.

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Principle of operation of optical fiber

An

optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric waveguide that transmits light along its axis, by the process of total internal reflection confine the optical signal in the core, the refractive index of the core must be greater than that of the cladding. boundary between the core and cladding may either be abrupt, in step-index fiber, or gradual, in

To

The

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Index of refraction

The index of refraction is a way of measuring the speed of light in a material. Index of refraction is calculated by dividing the speed of light in a vacuum by the speed of light in some other medium. The typical value for the cladding of an optical fiber is 1.46. The core value

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Total internal reflection

When light travelling in a dense medium hits a boundary at a steep angle (larger than the "critical angle" for the boundary), the light will be completely reflected.

Applications of optical fiber

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Optical fibre can be used as a medium for telecommunication and networking because of the following reasonsLong-distance communication. number of repeaters. independent channels.

Less

Many

Applications of optical fiber

Fibers

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have many uses in remote sensing. Illumination applications Imaging optics supply a low level of power

Elements of fiber optics

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TRANSMISSION

Light Source (such as Infra Red LED converts pulses to light pulses and sends into optical fiber).

RECEPTION

Photo detector converts back to electrical pulses.

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Optical fiber types

Multimode fiber

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Optical fiber types

Single mode fiber

Termination and splicing of optical fiber

Optical

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fibers are connected to terminal equipment by optical fiber connectors. These connectors are usually of a standard type such as LC network. fibres may be connected to each other by connectors or by splicing that is, joining two fibres together to form a continuous optical waveguide. is the process of joining the two bare ends of two fiber together.

Optical

Splicing

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types of splicing
Fusion

Splicing

Mechanical

Splicing

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transmission challenges
Dispersion Attenuation

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Advantages of optical fiber

Fiber

optic cables have a much greater bandwidth than metal cables. optic cable is less susceptible to signal degradation than copper wire. optic cables weigh less than a copper wire cable. can be transmitted digitally. transmitters can be used instead of the high-voltage electrical transmitters used for copper wires.

Fiber

Fiber

Data

Lower-power

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disadvantages of optical fiber

Fiber The

optics cables are expensive to install.

termination of a fiber optics cable is complex and requires special tools. are more fragile than coaxial cable of pulses

They

Dispersion

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REFERENCES: Books Tellabs Manuals Tejas Manual Click to edit Master subtitle style Internet Sources www.powergridindia.com

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THANK YOU

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