e-Waste Trends and Assessment in Mumbai

At
Multi-stakeholder workshop on e-waste Management,
Mumbai

Presentation by:
Dr. Ajay Deshpande
Regional Officer, I/c PCI-II

Maharashtra Pollution Control Board

November 28, 2006
 WHAT IS ELECTRONIC WASTE

Electronic Waste (E-Waste) comprises of

waste electronic goods which are not fit for
their originally intended use. These range
from household appliances such as
refrigerator, air conditioner, cellular phone,
personal stereos and consumer electronics to
computers.
 IS IT HAZARDOUS WASTE ?

E-Waste contains several different substances

and chemicals, many of which are toxic and are
likely to create adverse impact on environment
and health, if not handled properly. However,
classification of E-waste as hazardous or
otherwise shall depend upon the extent of
presence of hazardous constituents in it.
 TOXIC CONSTITUENTS

CONSTITUENTS COMPONENTS
Lead and cadmium Printed circuit boards
Lead oxide and Cd Cathode ray tubes (CRTs)
Mercury Switches & flat screen monitors
Cadmium Computer batteries
PCB Capacitors and transformers
Brominated flame Printed circuit boards, plastic
retardant casings cable
PVC Cable insulation / coating
 ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH HAZARDS

Computer / Process Potential Potential

E-Waste Occupational Hazard Environmental
Components Hazard

Cathose ray Breaking ♦Silicosis Lead, Barium and

tubes (CRTs) removal of other heavy metals
copper ♦Cuts from CRT glass leaching into
yoke and in case of implosion groundwater,
dumping release of toxic
♦Inhalation or contract phosphor
with phosphor
containing cadmium
or other metals

Contd..
Printed circuit De- ♦Tin and lead Air emission of
boards soldering inhalation same substances
and ♦Possible brominated
removing dioxin, beryllium,
computer cadmium, mercury
chips inhalation
Dismantled Open ♦Toxicity to workers Tin and lead
printed circuit burning of and nearby residents contamination of
board waste from tin, lead, immediate
processing boards brominated dioxin, environment
that have beryllium, cadmium including surface
had chips and mercury and ground
removed inhalation waters.
to remove ♦Respiratory irriation Brominated
final dioxins beryllium,
metals cadmium and
mercury emissions

Contd..
Chips and Chemical ♦ Acid contact with ♦ Hydrocarbons,
other gold stripping eyes, skin may result heavy metals,
plated using nitric in permanent injury. brominated
components and hydro- substances, etc.,
chloric ♦Inhalation of mists discharged
acid along and fumres of acids, directly into river
riverbanks chlorine and sulphur and banks.
dioxide gases can
cause respiratory ♦Acidifies the
irritation to severe river destroying
effects including fish and flora.
pulmonary edema,
circulatory failure and
death

Contd..
Plastics from Shredding Probable hydrocarbon, Emissions of
computer and and low brominated dioxin and brominated dioxins
peripherals temperatu- heavy metal exposure. and heavy metals
e.g. printers re melting and hydrocarbons
keyboards, to be
etc. reutilized
in poor
grade
plastics
Computer Open Brominated and Hydrocarbon
wires burning to chlorinated dioxin, ashes including
recover polycyclinc aromatic PAHs discharged
copper hydrocarbons (PAH) to air, water and
(carcinogenic) soil.
exposure to workers
living in the burning
works area.

Contd..
Miscellaneo- Open Hydrocarbon including Hydrocarbon
us computer burning to PAHs and potential ashes including
parts recover dioxin exposure PAHs discharged
encased in steel and to air, water and
rubber or other soil.
plastic e.g. metals
steel rollers

Toner Use of ♦Respiratory tract Cyan, Tellow and

cartridges paint- irritation magenta toners
brushes to unknown toxicity
recover ♦Carbon black
toner possible human
without carcinogen
any
protection ♦Cyan, yellow and
magenta toners
unknown toxicocity

Contd..
Secondary Furnace ♦Exposure to dioxins Emission of
steel or recovers and heavy metals dioxins and heavy
copper and steel or metals.
precious copper
metal from
smelting waste
including
organics
Removal and smelting of e-Waste
POLLUTION PROBLEMS
E-Waste Scrap

Melting in open pit Fugitive

furnace without APC emission
(wood/charcoal/oil)

Slag & Ingot Sale

Pulverizer Dust

Ash & Metallic Recirculation

Mixed with acid in reactor

Contd..
 Filtration

Cu sol. & Mud (HW) Disposal

Fe-fillings

Cu & supernatant Liquid effluent

Heating in open (wood)

to remove water

Cu & CuO is recovered

 Examples of Pollution
Plastic Shredding: In 02: Electricity In 03: Water and
and Human Labour Human Labour

Ou 01: Shredder Plastic

P 01: Shredder used for P 02: Washing in water

Shredding for dust Removal

In 01: Computer Plastic

ABS

Ou 03: Washed Plastic

Ou 02: Contaminated
Water

P 03: Sun Drying

Ou 04: Plastic Send
for Grain Making
 POSITION OF ELECTRONIC WASTES

(a) HW Rules, 1989

♦ Not covered in Schedule 1. Schedule 2 can be
applied in case of their disposal.
♦ Schedule 3 entry at Sl.No. A1180 : waste electrical
and electronic assemblies (For EXIM).
♦ Schedule 3 entry at Sl.No. B1110 : electrical and
electronic assemblies not valid for direct reuse but
for recycling (For EXIM).

(b) Basel
• A 1180: Annex I (Cd, Hg, Tb, PCB) to exhibit
Annex III.
• B 1110: Mirror entry of A1180
 International Scenario

FINDINGS STATED IN REPORT BY BAN

♦ 50 to 80% E-wastes collected are exported for

recycling by U.S. Export is legal in U.S.
♦ Export is due to cheaper labour and laxed
standard in poor countries.
♦ E-waste recycling and disposal in China, India
and Pakistan are highly polluting.
♦ China has banned import of E-waste.
♦ Lack of responsibility on the part of Federal
Government and Electronics Industry,
Consumers, recyclers and local governments
towards viable and sustainable options for
disposal of E-wastes.
 Scenario of WEEE Generation in India
{Top ten States}
Sr.No States WEEE Tones/Yr
1 MAHARASHTRA 20270.59
2 TAMIL NADU 13486.24
3 ANDHRA PRADESH 12780.33
4 UTTAR PRADESH 10381.11
5 WEST BENGAL 10059.36
6 DELHI 9729.15
7 KARNATAKA 9118.74
8 GUJARAT 8994.33
9 MADHYA PRADESH 7800.62
10 PUNJAB 6958.46
Contd… Top ten cities
CITY WEEE (Tonnes)/year
MUMBAI 11017.1
Ahemadabad 3287.5
Banglore 4648.4
Chennai 4132.2
Delhi 9730.3
Hyederabad 2833.5
Kolkata 4025.3
Nagpur 1768.9
PUNE 2584.2
Surat 1836.5
INTERVENTION REQUIRED

1. Policy
2. Technical
3. Financial
4. Implementation & capacity building
 INITIATIVES OF CPCB

• Participation in Basel
• Expert Group on HWM
• Need assessment study
• Indo German Collaboration
• INDO - SWISS Study / Workshop
 Efforts made by MPCB for
e-Waste management
• A National working group constituted by CPCB for
managing e-Waste in India. Member Secretary, MPCB is
the member of this Group
• MPCB conducted Public consultation meeting for e-
Waste management in Maharashtra on 22.09.2006.
• Decision taken to carry out Rapid e-Waste assessment
study for Maharashtra
• MPCB formed an Expert Committee on e-Waste
management
• UNEP agreed to extend partial financial assistance
totaling US $ 12000 for this study
• EMPA (Swiss Agency) has offered technical support to
carry out the e-waste assessment study
• UNEP has released US $ 6000 to MPCB on 16 Jan 2006
for this study.
Contd..

• The Terms and References for e-waste

Assessment study prepared
• Invited Expression of Interest from the consulting
agencies for carrying out e-Waste Assessment
study in MMR and Pune and Pimpari-
Chinchwad Municipal Corporation Areas
• Three consultants short listed and given Tender
Documents
• Time frame is fixed for carrying out the
assessment study i.e. Six month
• Technical and Financial Bids are evaluated
• LoI issue to successful Bidder
Contd…

• Service agreement has signed with

consultant on 17 May 2006
• Study has started in June 2006
• Amount of Rs. 3,67,490 released by MPCB
as a first installment to consultant on
19.6.2006
• Consultant has submitted the Inception
Report to MPCB
• Preliminary report is expected shortly.
 e-Waste Assessment Study
Objectives
• Assessment of existing and future quantity of WEEE in
MMR and Pune and Pimpari Chinchwad Municipal
Corporation areas
• Assessment of existing recycling methods being
followed for WEEE
• Assessment of whether the WEEE recycling is currently
posing any major environmental problems/ risks now or
likely to pose the environmental problems in future
• Assessment of capacities/capabilities of existing
stakeholders and infrastructure required for WEEE
management
• Assessment of environmental and social sustainability
of present system
• Assessment of the e-trade economics
 e-Waste Management

• Management of E waste can be done by

– Waste Reduction
– Volume Reduction
– Sustainable Product Design
– Recovery, reuse and recycling