Chapter 1

Routing Services

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Topics

This chapter covers the following topics: Complex Enterprise Network Frameworks, Architectures, and Models Creating, Documenting, and Executing an Implementation Plan Reviewing IP Routing Principles

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Converged Networks
Voice and video traffic Voice applications traffic

Mission-critical traffic
Transactional traffic

Routing protocol traffic

Network management traffic

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco IIN and SONA Framework

Intelligent Information Network (IIN) integrates networked resources and information assets.
IIN extends intelligence across multiple products and infrastructure layers.

IIN actively participates in the delivery of services and applications.

Three phases in building an IIN are:

Integrated transport data, voice, video

Integrated services transparently use storage/data center servers

Integrated applications caching, load balancing security

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco IIN and SONA Framework

how enterprises evolve to an IIN
The Cisco Service-Oriented Network Architecture (SONA) is an architectural framework that represents the Cisco product line. The evolution of enterprise networks to an IIN SONA brings several advantages to enterprises: Outlines how enterprises can evolve towards the IIN Illustrates how to build integrated systems across a fully converged intelligent network

Improves flexibility and increases efficiency

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco SONA Framework Layers

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Cisco Enterprise Architecture

The architecture provides integration of the entire network

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hierarchical Network Model

Access layer: Grants user access to network devices. Distribution layer: Aggregates the wiring closets and uses switches to segment workgroups and isolate network problems in a campus environment. Core layer (also referred to as the backbone): Designed to switch packets as fast as possible.

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hierarchical Applied to Campus Model

What was once routers, distribution ie, are now L3 switches

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Enterprise Composite Model Functional Areas

Contains the modules required to build a hierarchical, highly robust campus network. Access, distribution, and core principles are applied to these modules.

Aggregates connectivity from the various elements at the edge of the enterprise network. It provides a description of connectivity to remote locations, the Internet, and remote users.

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Provides a description of connectivity to service providers such as Internet service providers (ISPs), WAN providers, and the public switched telephone network (PSTN).

10

Routing Principles

Static routingAn administrator can manually configure the information.

Static Default

Dynamic routingA router can learn from other routers.

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

11

Dynamic Routing
A metric is a value that routing protocols use to measure paths to a destination. Network statements identify interfaces on the local router, it is configured only for directly connected networks. (not true in BGP)
RIP allows only major network numbers IS-IS does not use the network statement, config on interface
2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

12

On-Demand Routing

ODR uses the Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)

Applicable in a hub-and-spoke topology only

Exchanged is limited to IP prefixes and a default route.

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

13

Type - DV

Routers periodically send their routing tables (or a portion of their tables) to only their neighboring routers.

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

14

Type - LS

Router sends the state of its own interfaces (its links) to all other routers

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

15

Type - Hybrid

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

16

Classful Concepts
Updates do not include the subnet mask (auto summarization) Router makes assumptions about the subnet mask being used by the networks listed in the update If a member of the Net, then mask is known Possible discontiguous conditions

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

17

Classful Concepts

When you are running a classful protocol (RIPv1), ip classless must be enabled if you want the router to use the default route when it receives a packet destined to an unknown subnet of a network for which it knows some subnets.

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

18

Classless Concepts

VLSM - different subnets within the same major network can have different subnet masks Automatic summarization lets RIPv2 and EIGRP be backward compatible
No auto-summary

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

19

Populating the Routing Table

Administrative distance rates a routing protocols believability or trustworthiness.

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

20

Routing Protocol Metrics

RIPv1 and RIPv2 use only the hop count
EIGRP uses the minimum bandwidth and accumulated delay of the path toward the destination network OSPF uses cost for path calculation, usually reflecting the links bandwidth

IS-IS interface metric defaults to 10

BGP uses many attributes
AS-path attribute, multiexit discriminator (MED), etc
2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

21

Floating Static Routes

You can manipulate the optional distance parameter in the ip route command to make the static route appear less desirable than another static or dynamic route.

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

22

Protocol Comparison

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

23

Protocol Comparison

2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

24

Routing and Routing Protocols

The focus of this course is on selecting, planning, implementing, tuning, and troubleshooting IP advanced routing protocols. Advanced IP routing protocols must be implemented in all core networks to support highavailability requirements. Less advanced routing protocols, such as RIP and static routes, may exist at the access and distribution levels within modules.
2004, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

25