Metabolism and

Energy Production

Citric Acid Cycle

Electron Transport Chain
ATP Energy from Glucose
Oxidation of Fatty Acids
Metabolic Pathways for Amino Acids

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 Citric Acid Cycle
A reaction series that
• Operates under aerobic conditions only
• Oxidizes the 2 carbon atoms of acetyl CoA to
CO2
• Provides reduced coenzymes
O
||
CH3–C –CoA 2 CO2 , FADH2, 3 NADH, + ATP
acetyl CoA
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 Steps 1-3 in Citric Acid Cycle
COO-
-
COO O CH2
-
O C + CH3 C CoA HO C COO
+ CoA
CH2 CH2
-
COO COO-
oxaloacetate acetyl CoA citrate

- NAD+
COO
CH2
CH2 + CO2 + NADH

C O
α-ketoglutarate
COO- 3
Steps 4-5 of citric acid cycle
In the next reactions, α-ketoglutarate is oxidized
to succinate.

COO- COO
-

CH2 CH2
CH2 + CH2
+ NAD + CO2 + NADH
C O COO-
COO-

α-ketoglutarate succinate
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 Steps 6-8 of citric acid cycle
More oxidations convert succinate to oxaloacetate.
The C=C requires FAD.
-
COO
COO-
CH2 CH H2O
+ FAD + FADH2
CH2 CH
COO- COO
-

succinate fumarate

COO-
COO-
HO C H + NAD+
C O + NADH
CH
CH
-
COO -
COO 5
malate oxaloacetate
 Coenzymes Produced in the
Citric Acid Cycle
1. Acetyl CoA (2C) + oxaloacetate (4C) to Coenzymes
citrate (6C)
• Citrate (6C) to α-ketoglutarate (5C) + CO2
1 NADH
3. α-ketoglutarate (5C) to succinate (4C) + 1 NADH
CO2. GDP picks up Pi. 1 GTP
1 FADH2
• Succinate(4C) to fumarate (C=C) to malate
• Malate to oxaloacetate. Start again.
1 NADH
Total: 2CO2 + 3 NADH + 1 FADH2 + GTP
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 Learning Check E1
Complete the following statements:
• When 1 acetyl CoA enters the citric acid
cycle, the C atoms produce ____CO2.
• In 1 cycle, a total of ____NADH are
produced.
• In 1 cycle, a total of ____FADH2 are
produced.

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 Solution E1
Complete the following statements:
• When 1 acetyl CoA enters the citric acid
cycle, the C atoms produce 2 CO2.
• In 1 cycle, a total of 3 NADH are
produced.
• In 1 cycle, a total of 1 FADH2 are
produced.

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Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle
• Operates when ATP is needed
• High levels of ATP and/or NADH inhibit
citrate synthetase (first step in cycle)
• High levels of ADP and NAD+ activate
isocitrate dehydrogenase
• Low levels of ATP or high levels of acetyl
CoA speed up the cycle to give energy

ATP
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 Electron Transport Chain
• A series of electron carriers
• Transfers H+ and electrons from
coenzymes NADH and FADH2 (citric acid
cycle)
• Energy released along chain to make ATP

NADH + 3 ADP NAD+ + 3 ATP

FADH2 + 2 ADP FAD + 2 ATP
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 Electron Carriers
• Found in three protein complexes
• Attached to inner membrane of mitochondria
• H+ move into intermembrane space to create
proton gradient
• As H+ return to matrix, ATP synthase uses
energy to synthesize ATP
• Oxidation phosphorylation
ADP + Pi + Energy ATP
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 Enzyme Complexes
1. NADH dehydrogenase

Coenzyme A

• Cytochrome c reductase
Cytochrome c

3. Cytochrome c Oxidase

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 Chemiosmotic Model
Intermembrane space H+ H+ H+
H+ H+ H+

Q Cytc

e-
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NADH + H+ FADH HO
 Learning Check E2
Classify each as (1) a product of the citric
acid cycle, (2) a product of the electron
transport chain
A. CO2
B. FADH2
C. NAD+
D. NADH
E. ATP
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 Solution E2
Classify each as (1) a product of the citric
acid cycle, (2) a product of the electron
transport chain
A. 1 CO2
B. 1 FADH2
C. 2 NAD+
D. 1 NADH
E. 2 ATP
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 ATP Energy from Glycolysis
(Aerobic)
• In the electron transport system
NADH = 3 ATP
FADH2 = 2 ATP

• Glycolysis
Glucose 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH
NADH in cytoplasm FADH2 mitochondria
Glucose 2 pyruvate + 6 ATP
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 ATP Energy from Pyruvate

2 pyruvate 2 acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH

2 pyruvate 2 acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 + 6 ATP

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 ATP Energy from Citric Acid
Cycle
One turn of the citric acid cycle
3 NADH x 3 ATP = 9 ATP
1 FADH2 x 2 ATP = 2 ATP
1 GTP x 1 ATP = 1 ATP
Total = 12 ATP
Glucose provides two acetyl COA
molecules for two turns of citric acid cycle
2 acetyl CoA 24 ATP + 4 CO2
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 ATP from Glucose
For 1 glucose molecule undergoing
complete oxidation
Glycolysis 6 ATP
2 Pyruvate to 2 Acetyl CoA 6 ATP
2 Acetyl CoA to 4 CO2 24 ATP

Glucose + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 36 ATP

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