Chapter 6

Energy and States of Matter

Measuring Heat Energy

Energy and Nutrition

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 Heat

Energy that flows from something warm to

something cooler
A hotter substance gives KE to a cooler
one
When heat is transferred (lost or gained),
there is a change in the energy within the
substance
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 Learning Check H1
A. When you touch ice, heat is transferred
from
1) your hand to the ice
2) the ice to your hand

B. When you drink a hot cup of coffee, heat

is transferred from
1) your mouth to the coffee
2) the coffee to your mouth
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 Solution H1
A. When you touch ice, heat is transferred
from
1) your hand to the ice

B. When you drink a hot cup of coffee, heat

is transferred from
2) the coffee to your mouth

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 Learning Check H2
When you heat 200 g of water for 1 minute, the
water temperature rises from 10°C to 18°C.

400 g
200 g

If you heat 400 g of water at 10°C in the same

pan with the same amount of heat for 1
minute, what would you expect the final
temperature to be?
1) 10 °C 2) 14°C 3) 18°C
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 Solution H2
2)14°C

Heating twice the mass of water using the

same amount of heat will raise the
temperature only half as much.

400 g
200 g

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 Some Equalities for Heat

Heat is measured in calories or joules

 1 kcal = 1000 cal

 1 calorie = 4.18J
 1 kJ = 1000 J

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 Specific Heat

Why do some foods stay hot longer than

others?
Why is the beach sand hot, but the water is
cool on the same hot day?

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 Specific Heat

Different substances have different

capacities for storing energy
It may take 20 minutes to heat water to
75°C. However, the same mass of
aluminum might require 5 minutes and
the same amount of copper may take
only 2 minutes to reach the same
temperature.
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 Specific Heat Values

Specific heat is the amount of heat needed to

raise the temperature of 1 g of a substance by
1°C
cal/g°C J/g°C

water 1.00 4.18

aluminum 0.22 0.90
copper 0.093 0.39
silver 0.057 0.24
gold 0.031 0.13
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 Learning Check H3

A. A substance with a large specific heat

1) heats up quickly 2) heats up slowly
B. When ocean water cools, the surrounding air
1) cools 2) warms 3) stays the same
C. Sand in the desert is hot in the day, and cool
at night. Sand must have a
1) high specific heat 2) low specific heat

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 Solution H3

A. A substance with a large specific heat

2) heats up slowly
B. When ocean water cools, the surrounding air
2) warms
C. Sand in the desert is hot in the day, and cool
at night. Sand must have a
2) low specific heat

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 Measuring Heat

Requires
 Grams of substance

 Temperature change ∆T

 Specific heat of the substance

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 Calculating Heat

mass x temp. change x specific heat

grams x ∆T x Sp. Ht.

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 Heat Calculations
A hot-water bottle contains 750 g of water at
65°C. If the water cools to body temperature
(37°C), how many calories of heat could be
transferred to sore muscles?

heat = g x ∆T x Sp. Ht. (H2O)

750 g x 28°C x 1.00 cal
g°C
= 21 000LecturePLUS Timberlake 99 15
 Learning Check H4

How many kcal are needed to raise the

temperature of 120 g of water from 15°C
to 75°C?
1) 1.8 kcal
2) 7.2 kcal
3) 9.0 kcal

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 Solution H4

How many kcal are needed to raise the

temperature of 120 g of water from 15°C to
75°C?
2) 7.2 kcal
120 g x (75°C - 15°C) x 1.00 cal x 1 kcal
g°C 1000 cal

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 Energy and Nutrition

1 Calorie (nutritional) = 1 kcal

1 Cal = 1000 cal

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Caloric Food Values

Carbohydrate = 4 kcal/g
Fat = 9 kcal/g
Protein = 4 kcal/g

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 Foods and Calories
Food Carbo Fat Protein Energy(kcal
carrots,
1 cup 11 0 1 50
banana 26 0 1 110
egg 0 6 6 80
chicken
(no skin) 0 3 20 110
beef (3 oz) 0 5 22 130

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 Learning Check H5

1.0 cup of whole milk contains 12 g of

carbohydrate, 9.0 g of fat, and 9.0 g of
protein. How many kcal (Cal) are
obtained?
1) 48 kcal
2) 81 kcal
3) 165 kcal

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 Solution H5

3) 165 kcal
12 g carbo x 4 kcal/g = 48 kcal
9.0 g fat x 9 kcal/g = 81 kcal
9.0 g protein x 4 kcal/g = 36 kcal

Total kcal = 165 kcal

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