Layouts and Lettering

Chapter 2

Objectives

Identify six types of technical drawings based on the projection system they use Identify the line patterns used in technical drawings and describe how they are used Read and measure with the architects scale, engineers scale, and metric scale

Technical Drawing 13th Edition

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Objectives (cont.)

Identify standard drawing media and sheet sizes Add lettering to a sketch Fill in a standard title block with the appropriate information Lay out a drawing sheet

Technical Drawing 13th Edition

Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.

Understanding Projections

Behind every 2D drawing of an object is a space relationship involving the object and three imagined things:

The observers eye or station point The plane of projection The projectors

Also called visual rays or lines of sight

Technical Drawing 13th Edition

Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.

Types of Projection

There are two main types of projection

Perspective projection the projectors come together at the station point

Perspective drawings represent objects as we see them

Parallel projection the projectors are parallel

Technical Drawing 13th Edition

Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.

Types of Projection

Technical Drawing 13th Edition

Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.

Types of Projection

Orthographic projections are a type of parallel projection

Orthographic (right angle) projections have parallel projectors that are perpendicular to the plane of projection In orthographic projection objects can be presented at true size or scaled at a proportion of their true size
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Technical Drawing 13th Edition

Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart

Types of Projection

Oblique projection when projectors are parallel to each other but are at an angle other than 90 degrees to the plane of projection

Technical Drawing 13th Edition

Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart

2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.

Types of Projection

Technical drawings of 3D objects usually use one of four standard types of projection

Multiview Axonometric (isometric) Oblique Perspective

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Technical Drawing 13th Edition

Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart

Types of Projection

Multiview projection shows one or more necessary views of an object

There are two systems used to arrange the views:

Third angle projection First angle projection

Axonometric, oblique, and perspective sketches show objects pictorially

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Technical Drawing 13th Edition

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Types of Projection

Technical Drawing 13th Edition

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Types of Projection

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Drawing Vocabulary

Drawing lines projected line drawings use specific line patterns to represent object features Lettering the shapes of letters are described as part of drawing standards Measurement systems both the metric system and U.S. customary units may be used
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Technical Drawing 13th Edition

Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart

Drawing Vocabulary

Scale to clearly convey important information about particularly large or small objects, appropriate sheet size and scale must be selected Title blocks company information, drawing scale, sheet size and other information is included in a standard title block
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Technical Drawing 13th Edition

Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart

Alphabet of Lines

The meaning of each line on a technical drawing is indicated by its width and its particular line style All lines should be uniform in width and darkness

Technical Drawing 13th Edition

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Technical Drawing 13th Edition

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Freehand Lines

The main difference between a CAD drawing and a freehand sketch is in the appearance of lines Freehand lines show freedom and variety but, aside from construction lines, should be dark and clean

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Good and Poor Line Technique

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Measurement Systems

U.S. Customary Units

Based on inch-foot and yard measurements Drawings with these units still follow ANSI/ASME standards Drawing units must be clearly stated on the drawing

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Measurement Systems

The metric system

This is the International System of Units, commonly referred to as SI The primary unit of measurement for engineering drawings and design in the mechanical industries is the millimeter (mm) Secondary units are the meter (m) and kilometer (km)
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Technical Drawing 13th Edition

Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart

Drawing Scale

Drawing scale is the reduction or enlargement of the size of a drawn object relative to the real object

Scale is often determined on the size of drawing sheet used

Scale is stated as a ratio of the number of drawing units to the number of actual units
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Technical Drawing 13th Edition

Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart

Specifying the Scale on a Drawing

There are several acceptable methods to note scale on a drawing For example, a part thats shown on the paper at half its actual size, the scale may be listed in one of these ways:

SCALE 1:2 SCALE SCALE .5

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Technical Drawing 13th Edition

Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart

Scales

Scales are measuring tools used to quickly enlarge or reduce drawing measurements Types of scales include:

Metric Engineers Decimal Mechanical engineers Architects

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Technical Drawing 13th Edition

Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart

Lettering

Lettered text is often necessary to describe an object or to provide detailed specifications Lettering should be legible, easy to create, and use appropriate styles

Technical Drawing 13th Edition

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Lettering

The creation of neat freehand lettering has three necessary aspects:

Knowing the proportions and forms of the letters Spacing of letters and words for legibility Practice

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Lettering

CAD drawings typically use a Gothic lettering style but often use a Roman style for titles When lettering a CAD drawing, it is advisable to not use more than two fonts within the same drawing for clarity
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The Computer as a Drafting Tool

Most technical drawings are created using CAD Advantages of CAD include:

Accuracy Speed The ability to present spatial and visual information in a variety of ways
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The Computer as a Drafting Tool

The advantages of CAD do not eliminate the need for drawings to be easily and accurately interpreted The same general concepts and drafting standards apply to CAD as to drawings created by hand

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Sketching and Drawing Media

There are many media available for sketching and drawing purposes including:

Sketch pads and notebooks Grid paper Isometric paper Polyester film Coated sheets of aluminum
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Technical Drawing 13th Edition

Giesecke, Mitchell, Spencer, Hill Dygdon, Novak, Lockhart

Standard Sheet Sizes

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Standard Layout Elements

Margins and borders Zones Typical letter sizes Title block

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Planning Your Drawing or Sketch

When laying out a drawing sheet you will need to consider:

Size and scale of the object Sheet size Measurement system Space necessary for notes and title block

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2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved.