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The Development Of Atomic Theory

SMA N 3 SEMARANG
Sekolah Bertaraf Internasional 2011

DEVELOPMENT OF ATOMS MODELS

Dalton (1803)

Thomson (1897)

Rutherford (1910)

Model atom Niels Bohr (1913)

Mekanika Kuantum (1926)

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400 B.C. - Democritus thought matter could not be divided indefinitely.

Democritus

This led to the idea of atoms in a void. fire earth air

Aristotle

water 350 B.C - Aristotle modified an earlier theory that matter was made of four elements: earth, fire, water, air. Aristotle was wrong. However, his theory persisted for 2000 years.
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Development of Atomic Models

Model

Characteristics
Dalton's Atomic Theory stated that: (a)An element comprises tiny invisible particles called atoms. (b) Atoms cannot be created nor destroyed

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Development of Atomic Models

Model Characteristics

Dalton's Atomic Theory stated that: (a) An element comprises tiny invisible particles called atoms. (b) Atoms cannot be created nor destroyed. (c) All atoms of a particular element are the same and have the same mass and physical features. (d) Atoms of different elements are different with different masses. (e) Atoms of different elements can combine chemically in fixed ratios to form compounds.
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Atom is a sphere in which the positive charges spread out evenly in the atom are neutralized by the negative charges positioned among the positive charges. Electrons in an atom are like raisins in plum pudding.

Atomic model

Are like

Raisins in Plum pudding

electron

Positive charges spread out evenly in the atom

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Electrons

Positively charged goo

A.K.A. the Plum-Pudding Model

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A large fraction of the room in an atom is empty. Atom has a tiny yet very dense core called the nucleus. The charge of the nucleus is the same as that of the alfa particle, which is positive. Atom is composed of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons. Most of the mass in an atom is consentrated in the nucleus.

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A beam of alfa particles is directed towards the thin gold plate through alfa slit in the lead plate.
Alpha particles that pass the empty space Go straight through.
Alpha particles that approach the nucleus are deflected. Alpha particles that hit the nucleus are bounced back electron

nucleon

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Sumber sinar Alpha

Lempeng Emas

Layar
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Atom Logam

Diteruskan

Sinar alfa
Dibelokkan
Dipantulkan
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Bohrs Model
Nucleus Electron Orbit

Energy Levels
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Bohr Model of Atom

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n=3

Increasing energy of orbits

eeee-

n=2 n=1

eeeeA photon is emitted with energy E = hf

e-

ee-

The Bohr model of the atom, like many ideas in the history of science, was at first prompted by and later partially disproved by experimentation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Chemistry

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An unsatisfactory model for the hydrogen atom

According to classical physics, light should be emitted as the electron circles the nucleus. A loss of energy would cause the electron to be drawn closer to the nucleus and eventually spiral into it.

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Hill, Petrucci, General Chemistry An Integrated Approach 2nd Edition, page 294

Niels Bohr & Albert Einstein

Modern atomic theory describes the electronic structure of the atom as the probability of finding electrons within certain regions of space (orbitals).
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The atom is mostly empty space Two regions

Nucleus
protons and neutrons

Electron cloud
region where you might find an electron

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