How molecules are symbolized

Cl2 2Cl 2Cl2

Molecules may also have brackets to indicate numbers of atoms. E.g. Ca(OH)2 Notice that the OH is a group OC O H a H The 2 refers to both H and O How many of each atom are in the following? a) NaOH Na = 1, O = 1, H = 1 b) Ca(OH)2 Ca = 1, O = 2, H = 2 c) 3Ca(OH)2 Ca = 3, O = 6, H = 6

Balancing equations: MgO

The law of conservation of mass states that matter can neither be created or destroyed Thus, atoms are neither created or destroyed, only rearranged in a chemical reaction Thus, the number of a particular atom is the same on both sides of a chemical equation Example: Magnesium + Oxygen (from lab) Mg + O2 MgO Mg + O O Mg O However, this is not balanced Left: Mg = 1, O = 2 Right: Mg = 1, O = 1

Mg + O2 MgO 2Mg + O2 2MgO is correct Mg + O2 MgO is incorrect Mg2 + O2 2MgO is incorrect 4Mg + elements that is incorrect Hints: start with2 O2 4MgO occur in one compound on each side. Treat polyatomic ions that repeat as if they were a single entity. a) P4 + 5 O2 P4O10 b) 2 Li + 2 H2O H2 + 2 LiOH c) 2 Bi(NO3)3 + 3 K2S Bi2S3 + 6 KNO3 d) C2H6 +3.5 O2 2 CO2 + 3 H2O 2 C2H6 + 7 O2 4 CO2 + 6 H2O From

Balance equations by inspection

Balance these skeleton equations:

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 3Ca + N2 Ca3N2 NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O 2BiCl3 + 3H2S Bi2S3 + 6HCl 2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O 3NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO Cr2(SO4)3+ 6NaOH 2Cr(OH)3+ 3Na2SO4 Al4C3 + 12H2O 3CH4 + 4Al(OH)3

Returning to reaction types

We have looked at several types of reactions without worrying about balancing However, all equations should be balanced Predict the products and balance these: (recall, metals above replace metals below, reactions with water yield metal hydroxides) 2 Fe + 3 CuSO4 3 Cu + Fe2(SO4)3 Ni + NaCl NR (no reaction) 2 Al + 3 CuCl2 3 Cu + 2AlCl3 2 Li + ZnCO3 Zn + Li2CO + 2 Li + 2 H2O 2 LiOH 3 H2 2 Al2O 4 Al + 3O2

K Na Li Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Hg Ag Au

Here are some more to balance:

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) 2KNO3 2KNO2 + O2 2Pb(NO3)2 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2 P4 + 6I2 4PI3 3MgO + 2H3PO4 Mg3(PO4)2 + 3H2O Br2 + 2KI I2 + 2KBr Ca(OH)2 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3)2 + 2H2O Bi2O3 + 3H2 2Bi + 3H2O 3Fe + 2O2 Fe3O4 2CaO + 5C 2CaC2 + CO2

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h)

Li + H2O H2 + LiOH P4 + O2 P4O10 C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O CS2 + 3O2 CO2 + SO2 AsCl3 + H2S As2S3 + 6HCl AgNO3 + FeCl3 AgCl + Fe(NO3)3 KClO3 KCl + O2 SO2 + O2 SO3

Balance this reaction!!!

a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h)

2Li + 2H2O H2 + 2LiOH P4 + 5O2 P4O10 2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O CS2 + 3O2 CO2 + 2SO2 2AsCl3 + 3H2S As2S3 + 6HCl 3AgNO3 + FeCl3 3AgCl + Fe(NO3)3 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2 2SO2 + O2 2SO3

Answer