Communication and its basic elements

Communication

is the process of transferring a message from one point to another . Following are basic elements A sender (source) which creates the message to be transmitted. A medium that carries the message. A receiver (sink) which receives the message.
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Data transmission modes

Simplex Half-duplex Full-duplex

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Digital Transmission

Digital and Analog Transmission Analog Transmission

a digital signal take discrete set of values. A digital signal is a sequence of voltage represented in binary form

In analog signal the transmission power varies over a continuous range with respect to sound, light and radio waves. Analog signal is measured in volts and its frequency is measured in hertz.

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Asynchronous and Synchronous Transmission

Asynchronous Transmission

Synchronous Transmission

In asynchronous transmission data is transmitted character by character as you go on typing on a keyboard.

In the synchronous mode the saved data is transmitted block by block. Each block can contain many 44 characters.

MAJOR COMMUNICATION DEVICES

Wire Pairs Coaxial Cables Microwave Communication Satellite

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Network

A computer network is a network of computers that are geographically distributed, but connected in a manner to enable meaningful transmission and exchange of data among them. Sharing of information and resources (both hardware & software) is the main objective of a computer network.
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Networks are mainly classified into three types:-

Types of network

1.

2.

3.

LAN (Local-area Network). MAN (Metropolitan-area Network). WAN (Wide-area Network).

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It has a limited geographic coverage of a 1-5 kilometers. LAN typically provide communication facilities within a building or a campus. Data transmission rates are usually much higher. The data transmission rates are increasing continuously day by day. Its usually range from10 megabit per second (mpbs) to 1gigabit per second (gbps). 88

LAN

How LAN Works?

Early LAN (Local Area Network) networks were formed using coaxial cable The basic application of this cable is to connect the radio transmitters with their antennas. Most common type of developing LAN (Local Area Network) network is the Ethernet. 99

- Ethernet is a 10Mbps LAN that uses

ETHERNET

the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) protocol to control access network.
Fast Ethernet :Fast Ethernet supports a maximum data rate of 100 Mbps. It is so named because original Ethernet technology supported only 10 Mbps.
:

Gigabit Ethernet: Gigabit Ethernet is an extension to the family of Ethernet computer networking and communication standards. The Gigabit Ethernet standard supports a theoretical maximum data rate of 1 Gbps (1000 Mbps).
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Some hardware requirement for LAN

v v

v v

Transmission channel. NIU (Network Interphase Unit). Servers. Workstations.

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MAN

MAN is a large computer network that spans (extent) a metropolitan area or campus. Its geographic scope falls between a WAN and LAN. A MAN optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN ranging from several blocks of building to entire city.
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WAN

WAN may extend over several thousands kilometer. It can operate nationwide or it can say even worldwide. Transmission rates in WAN usually range from 1200bps to 2 mbps. The data transmission rates are increasing continuously with advancements in technology. Its cost may be very high because transmission media used are leased lines or public communication 1313 system, such as telephone lines,

Some hardware requirement for WAN

Bridge = They are used to connect two LANs together. Routers = they are used to connect both the LAN & WAN. IN this Non-similar also be connected. Gateways = this is used to connected two dissimilar LAN.

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All activities in the internet that involves two or more remote entities is governed by a protocol. (routing protocol, etc.)
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Whats a protocol?

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL
PROTOCOL IS A FORMAL DESCPRIPTION OF MESSAGE FORMATS AND RULES THAT TWO OR MORE MACHINES MUST FOLLOW TO EXCHANGE THOSE MESSAGES.
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DATA SEQUENCING DATA ROUTING FLOW CONTROL ERROR CONTROL PRECEDENCE AND ORDER OF TRANSMISSION CONNECTION TERMINATION AND ESTABLISHMENT DATA SECURITY

ROLE OF COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

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Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) is a set of internationally recognized, non-proprietary standards for networking and for operating system involved in networking functions.

An open system is a set of protocols that allow two different systems to communicate regardless of their underlying architecture
OSI reference model is a concept that describe the steps to be followed for data communication to take place. Creating a guideline for network data transmission between computer and components that have different hardware vendors, software, operating systems and protocols 1818

Introducing the OSI Model

Open Systems Interconnections Models

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The OSI Reference Model

The OSI reference model consists of seven layers, not including layer 8, the end users application, and layer 0 the physical transmission media.

8. O/S or User Application 7.

6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer

0. Physical Transmission Media

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T C P /I P

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Software that breaks messages into packets, hands them off to the IP software for delivery, and then orders and reassembles the packets at their destination Internet Protocol (IP) Software that deals with the routing of 2121 packets through the

Difference between OSI and TCP/IP

OSI
1.

2.

3. 4.

Open System Interconnection The OSI model is a reference model In OSI model, the protocols came after the model was described. The OSI model has 7 layers. The OSI model supports both connectionless and connection-oriented communication in the network layer, but only connection -oriented communication in transport

TCP/IP Transmission Control / Internet Protocol 1. The TCP/IP model is an implementation of the OSI model 2. In TCP/TP model, the protocols came first, and the model was really just a description of the existing protocols. 3. The TCP/IP model has only 4 layers.
4.

The TCP/IP model supports both connectionless and connection-oriented communication in the transport layer., giving users the choice. 2222

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