Lectures in Digital Communication Chapter 3 Source Encoding Under Supervision of

Prepared by

Name Section No. Ahmed Ibrahim Ahmed Ibrahim 4 1 Mohammed Ayman Mohammed El Yamani 5 12 Mustafa Ahmed Mohammed Darwish 5 30 Yehia Abdelrahman Elsayed Elsayd Mandour 5 30

Timing:
Timing is the operation that significantly distinguishes a digital from an analog system. Symbol synchronization: *Data transmission can be either synchronous, in which symbol are transmitted at a regular periodic rate. *The problem of bit (symbol) synchronization is greatly simplified if a periodic component exists in the incoming symbol sequence

This signal wave form has sequence 10010

v T 2T 3T 4T t

The specific signaling format Illustrated is NRZ this practical type of transmission is known as NRZ-L. NRZ &RZ signal sequence 11000101

-v

*Note: in RZ The pulse return to 0 state before reaching the

end of bit interval.

In NRZ-M system , data 1is represented by a change in level between two consecutive bit times, while data 0 is represented no change.

*We can implement an NRZ-M encoder with the use of exclusive OR gate .

The decoder for NRZ-M compares the NRZ-M signal to a delayed version of it self

*The encoder and decoder for NRZ-S are the same as those for NRZ-m except for the addition of an inverter. *While the NRZ-S & NRZ-M differential systems solve the problem of wave form inversion

The biphase or Manchester formats over come this static data and timing problem .

*The NRZ-L and biphase-L wave form for sequence 10010

*The encoder for biphase-L:

- Double the frequency clock.

*to solve timing &inversion problems: - the biphase-M & biphase-S formats are differential . - Transition occur in the beginning of every bit period unlike biphase-L transition occur in the middle of the interval.
In

biphase-S system , the data 1 results in no midperiode transition, while the data 0 results in midperiode transition. The encoder of biphase-S:

When decompose the wave form in to the sum of a periodic square wave plus a random pulse signal it will give the periodic component in RZ signal as shown.

*This cause RZ signal contain a periodic component , its power spectrum consists of continuous portion .

Coding and decoding Baseband coders are systems whose input is a data signal and output is a baseband time signal .the form of the coder depends on the form of data signal. The baseband signal in decoding might start by simply sampling the signal at the midpoint of each interval these sample values could then be compared to zero the signal is decoding as a1 if the sample is positive and a 0 if the sample is negative .

The

sample value is a random variable because of the presence of noise .the additive noise can be modeled as filtered white noise ,where the filtering is done by the channel characteristic. The filter would then be matched to a perfect square pulse of +v volts in order to look for the presence of a data 1 in the interval. The matched filter would have impulse response h(t)=V for . The received signal is equivalent to correlating the signal with the voltage pulse.

If the multiplication by V were replaced with multiplication by any constant , the multiplier can be completely removed .

A second receiver matched to the v volt pulse ,would be needed to look for the digital 0.the operational amplifier with capacitive feed back is an integrator the switch labeled Tb + closes instantaneously just after the end of the interval, there by discharging capacitor for start of the next interval

Performance Assume the noise is a sample of a Gaussian zero-mean noise process . The probability of mistaking a transmitted 1 for 0 is the cross hatched area labeled PM called this transition probability P01 and the other transition probability P10 is labeled as PFA ,the probability of false alarm are equal

The variance of the noise is proportional to the bandwidth fm where the proportionality constant is the noise power per hertz No the probability of bit error.

Pe =

Pe =

but

Pe =

Binary

matched filter detector So (t) and S1 (t) are the signals used to transmit a 0 and a 1 . The two So (t) and S1 (t) could be the baseband pulse wave shapes .

Suppose

the input to the detector is Si (t) + n (t) ,where I is either 0 or 1 depending on which signal is being transmitted .

.. y =

The

mean value of y depend on which signal

my =

The

variance of y is the expected values of the square of the difference between y and its mean
2 =E{{ y +my }2}

2 y =

E{n(t)n()}= R n (t- ), R n (t)= N 0 s(t) /2

2 y =

2 y =

The

two probability density functions have the same variance but difference mean values

y 0 =(m 1 + m 0 )/2

If the of the square of the signal as the signal energy over the bit period . .. y 0 =(E1 - E 0 )/2 The probability of error is given by the area under the tail of the Gaussian density

Let

Where

and

Average energy E =(E 1 + E 0 )/2

Correlation coefficient

Assume equal signal energies

m 0 = PE-E = E(P-1)

2 y = N0 E (1-P)

Example: Design a matched filter detector to choose between the two baseband signals shown in figure .note that this is a biphasic code assume that white Gaussian noise of power Spectral density N0 /2 is added and that E/ N0 =3

Let the signal have equal energy and the output is compared to zero

Example : design a matched filter detector for the two baseband signal shown in figure the additive noise has a power of 0.1 w/Hz .find the bit error rate .

Let the signal energies are not equal and the output is compared to a non zero threshold. Y0 = (E1 - E0 )/2 = (0.5-1)/2 = -0.25

ASK spectrum : We can find the power spectral density of the binary ASK (BASK) signal by assume random data and on-off keying .The impulse at the carrier frequency ,which indicted that this is as form of transmitted carrier AM.

Modulator there are two approaches to generating the ASK waveform one technique stars with the baseband signal and uses this to amplitude modulate a sinusoidal carrier . Another approach is to generate the AM wave directly without first forming the baseband signal

Coherent Detector : There are two classes of demodulators .one approach first demodulates the AM waveform to recover the baseband signal . The second class of demodulators combines the demodulation and decoding into a signal operation.

The threshold which the output is compared is not zero since the energies of the two signals are not equal ( one of them is zero ) Implementing the matched filter detector requires that we reconstruct the carrier at the receiver .since the waveform contains a carrier term .we can recover the carrier using a band pass filter.

Incoherent Detectors.

As used in analog communication . does not require that the carrier be reconstructed. The simplest form of incoherent detector is the envelope detector,

Performance

If Tb is the bit transmission period ( the reciprocal of the bit rate ) ,the average energy per bit.

FRQUENCY SHIFT KEYING

The varies in accordance with the information base band signal. This contrasts with amplitude modulation, And the modulation process can be thought of as a keying operation .

BFSK SPECTRUM

The FSK waveform of fig .8.47can be considered as the superposition of two amplitude shift keyed signais.One of is the ASK signal resulting from mod ulating a carrier of frequency fc+ The other results from amplitude shift Keying a carrier of frequency

MODEMS

Are used to transform the base band signal into a modulated signal the capable of transmission through channel the date input to the modem are converted into audio-frequency signals .

BfSK Spectrum
As a superposition of two ASK waveforms, and the bandwidth of the resulting waveform can be found by examining the component parts. Modulators and Demodulators Modulation. the modulators for PSK exactly parallel those used in FSK.

Detection

There are two generic ways of approaching detection. We can build a receiver that first demodulates the waveform to yield the reconstructed base band signal. the base band signal is then detected.

performance
Matched filter detector. the performance of the matched filter detector is completely specified by the three parameters P,NO,and E .P is the correlation coefficient and E is the average energy of the signal s used to transmit a 1 and a 0. the bit error rate of the matched filter detector.

QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION

It as a means to send two analog information signals in the same bandwidth . It serves a similar bandwidth conservation function.