TRANSFORMERS

Mustafa Gkhan Gnay 150609027

DEFINITION
Device used to transfer energy from primary winding to secondary winding by electromagnetic induction. Based on Faradays Law of induction

Where:-

EMF (V)
B Magnetic flux (Wb)
2

TRANSFORMER USES
Impedance matching Electrical Isolation AC power transmission
STEP-UP

Transformer Transformer

STEP-DOWN

HISTORY
1831 Michael Faraday invented the Induction Ring. 1881 Lucien Gaulard and John Gibbs exhibited a device called secondary generator. 1885 William Stanley developed the fist commercially used practical device while working for Westinghouse Electric Company in US.
4

INDUCTION THEORY
Transformers behaviour is based on Faradays Law of Induction

Where:-

EMF (V)
N No of turns of wire

B Magnetic flux (Wb)

5

INDUCTION THEORY

POWER GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION

TRANSFORMER MODELS
Ideal Transformer
ip(t) + Vp(t) Vs(t) Np Ns is(t) +

Np = No of windings on the primary ip = Current into the primary Vp = Voltage across the primary

Ns = No of windings on the secondary is = Current out from the secondary Vs = Voltage across the secondary

Primary and Secondary Relationship

VP = NP = a = iS VS NS iP Note; a < 1 = Step up transformer a > 1 = Step down transformer

Voltage and current angles are NOT affected hence, P = S =

9

LOSSES
Transformers have losses and these losses must come into consideration.
Copper losses (I^2 R) Leakage Flux losses Core losses
Eddy

currents

Hysteresis

losses
10

REAL TRANSFORMER LOSSES

ip(t) Rp Lp Ls is(t) Rs

Vp(t)

Rc

jXm

Np

Ns

Vs(t)

Copper losses (I^2 R) Leakage Flux losses Core losses

Eddy

currents Hysteresis losses

11

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
Leqp Is/a Reqp

Vp

Rc

jXm

aVs

Approximate Transformer Model referred to the primary side

12

TYPES
Auto-Transformer
Used to change a desirable voltage by only a small amount. For example: 120/132 V
IH VSE
+ +

ISE NSE VH NC
13

IL

VL
-

TYPES
Three Phase Transformers
Three phase transformers can be constructed in two different ways i.e. :1. A three phase bank consists of three single phase transformers. 2. Three windings wrapped around a common core.

14

THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS

Delta wye ( Y)

Delta delta ( )

Wye delta (Y- )

Wye wye (Y Y)
15

TYPES
Two types of special purpose transformers used in power systems for taking measurements.
Potential Transformer Current Transformer

16

EFFICIENCY
Efficiency () is the ratio of the power out to the power in of a transformer.
in an Ideal transformer, no power losses
PIN = VPIP cos P POUT = VSIS cos S PIN = POUT = VPIP cos P = VSIS cos S

SOUT = SIN = VPIP = VSIS

Ideal = 100%

17

 As mentioned previously, losses occur in a real transformer and these losses must be taken into count. Hence, Real = POUT x 100% PIN = POUT x 100% POUT + PLOSS = VSIScosS_________ VSIS cos S + i2R + (VP/a)2 RC
18

Efficiency for a single phase real transformer

VOLTAGE REGULATION
Voltage regulation (VR) is the ability of a system to provide near constant voltage over a wide range of load conditions. Also it compares the VO at no load to VO at full load.

An Ideal transformer has a voltage regulation, VR = 0%

19