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When only two variables are cross tabulated, we call the resulting table a
two-way table.
Question: Does adding across rows or columns give numbers that are
interpretable?
Venn Diagram
One useful way of understanding the relations between sets is by using
Venn diagrams.
Women White
Venn Diagram
SET OF NOTATION
The intersection of A and B is the set consisting of all points that are both
in A and B. A ∩ B =AB= {2}.
Therefore A ∩ C = Ø, the empty set, the set consisting of no points.
The complement of A with respect to S, is the set of all points in S that are
not in A and is denoted Ā. Ā = {3,4}.
Venn Diagram
Distributive Laws: A ∩ (B U C) = (A ∩ B) U (A ∩ C)
A U (B ∩ C) = (A U B) ∩ (A U C)
A ∩B =AUB
Venn Diagram
Example:
Twenty electric motors are pulled from an assembly line and inspected for
defects. Eleven motors are free of defects, eight have defects on the
exterior finish and three have defects in their assembly and will not run. Let
A denote the set of motors having assembly defects and F the set having
defects on their finish. Using A and F, write a symbolic notation for the
following. Then give the number of motors in each set.
b) The motors having at least one type of defect must have either an assembly
or a finish defect. Therefore, this is written as A U F. Since we have 20
motors and 11 are free of defects, the answer here is 9.
d) Motors with exactly one type of defect are in either A or either B, not in
both. This is written as A U F – A ∩ F or ¯A ∩ F U ¯F ∩ A . The answer
is 7 motors.
HOMEWORK
2.13
2.4 Definition of Probability
A sample space S is a set that includes all possible outcomes for a random
selection from a specified population, listed in a mutually exclusive
(elements do not overlap) and exhaustive manner (the list contains all
possible outcomes).
Using a Venn diagram display the following events and sample space:
Every time a die is tossed one of the integers 1,2,3,4,5,6 must occur, so the
total probability associated with the sample space must be 1.
How many times should a “4” occur, if the six outcomes occur with the same
likelihood?
2.4 Definition of Probability
Definition: Suppose a random number from a specified population has
associated with it a sample space S. A probability is a numerically valued
function that assigns a number P(A) to every event A so that the following
axioms hold:
1. P(A) ≥ 0
2. P(S) =1
3. If A1, A2 … is a sequence of mutually exclusive events (that is Ai Aj = Ø for
any i≠ j), then
If A and B are two mutually exclusive events, then P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B).
If a die is balanced, we could toss it a few times to see if the upper faces all
seem equally likely to occur.
We could simply assume this would happen and assign probability 1/6 to
each of the six elements in S as follows: P(Ei)=1/6, i=1,2…6.
2.18