SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

ANIMAL

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN ANIMAL

Human and animals have a good support system enables them to move and protect their body tissues

There are three support system; 1. Endoskeleton 2. Exoskeleton 3. Hydrostatic skeleton

The Skeleton

The main functions of the skeleton are Give them structure, strength and shape to provide support, Protect their soft tissues and internal organs enable movement

ENDOSKELETON
Also called the internal skeleton Made up of bones or cartilages Protects the soft organs inside the body Provides places for the attachment of muscles Allows movement of body and limbs Found in humans and vertebrates The weight of land vertebrates is support mainly by the pectoral and pelvic girdles The aquatic vertebrates is support by the buoyancy of water

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LANDS VERTEBRATES AND AQUATIC VERTEBRATES
similarity Land vertebrates Internal skeleton (endoskeleton) Aquatic vertebrates

Difference Internal skeleton system Type of support system Buoyancy of water

Big
Very strong

Size of pectoral and pelvic girdle

Strength of pectoral and pelvic girdles

Comparatively small
Comparatively weak

DIFFERENT BETWEEN EXO AND ENDO SKELETON

Exo- means outer, and Endo- means inner. So an exoskeleton means that the "framework" of the creature is on the outside, like the lobster. An endoskeleton is inside the creature, so the soft parts are outside, like the bear or man. Endo means "inside", exo means "outside", and a skeleton is a structure that provides a rigid structure for the body. So, humans have endoskeletons (our rigid bones are inside our body), while crabs and lobsters have exoskeletons (their rigid shells are outside their body). It's simply a matter of where your support structure is inside(end) or outside(exo).

SUPPORT SYSTEM OF LAND INVERTEBRATES

Invertebrates that have no backbone are supported by

1. Hard exoskeleton 2. Body fluids (hydrostastic skeleton)

EXOSKELETON
Also called the external skeleton Has hard outer skin or shell Maintain body shape Support body weight Protect internal organs Allows movement

The Hydrostatic Skeleton

Examples of the hydrostatic skeleton can be seen in molluscs and nemotodes or worms. These soft bodied animals rely on pressurised fluid held in compartments within the body to act as a skeleton. By using muscles surrounding these compartments, the animal is able to change its shape and produce movement. In earthworms, the hydrostatic skeleton consists of fluid held in a compartment called the coelon. The coelon is divided into segments and by using muscles surrounding these segments to push the fluid the earthworm is able to change shape. By squeezing some segments but allowing others to relax, the worm can generate a peristaltic motion.

SUPPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS

Two types of supports system:
a) Woody plants b) Non woody plants

Woody plants
Are supported by woody tissue. Woody tissue is hard and gives the plant shape and provides it with strength to hold itself upright Woody plants are also supported by special structure such as thorns, buttress roots or clasping roots

 Non-woody plants
There are two types of support systems in non-woody plants (herbaceous plants). These plants are supported by turgid pressure and special structure such as prop roots or tendrils Non woody plants (herb) such as balsam, mustard kangkung are supported by cell turgidity.