Computer Programming and Applications CIM 102

System
The term system is derived from Greek word systema, which means an organized relationship among functioning units or components. A system is a orderly grouping of independent components linked together to achieve a specific objective.

System..
The study of systems concept has three basic implications: A system must be designed to achieve a predetermined objective. Interrelationships and interdependence must exist among the components. The objectives of the organization must have a higher priority than the objective of its subsystem.

Characteristics of a system:
Organization: implies structure and order. It is the arrangement of components the helps to achieve objectives. In the design of the business system, the hierarchical relationship stating from president on the top and leading down to the operational staff represents the organizational structure.
President

Vice President Sales

Vice President Production

Vice President Marketing

Characteristics of a system..
Interaction:
Refers to the manner in which each components functions with other components of the system. In an organization , purchasing must interact with production, advertising with sales etc.

Interdependence:
Means that parts of the organization or computer system depend on one another. One subsystem depend on another for proper functioning.

Characteristics of a system..
Integration: It refers to how a system is tied together. It means that the parts of the system sharing a physical part or location within the system even though each part performs a unique function. Central Objective: Objective may be stated or real. It is not uncommon that an organization to state one objective and operate to achieve another.

Elements
Elements of a system:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Inputs and outputs Processor (s) Control Feedback Environment Boundaries and interface.

Elements
Inputs and outputs :
Inputs are the elements (materials, human resources, information) that enter the system for processing. Output is the outcome of the processing. In business terms, input is the human, financial and material resources to produce goods and services.

Elements
Processing:
It involves the actual transformation of input into output.

Control
The control guides the system. Controls the pattern of activities governing input, processing and output.

Feedback:
Feedback measures output against a standard

Elements
Environment:
Environment is the system within which an organization operates. The organizations environment consists of vendors, competitors, stockholders etc.

Boundaries and Interface:

Boundary is the limits that identify its components, processes and interrelationships when it interfaces with another system. For ex: a teller system in a bank is restricted to the deposits, withdrawals and related activities of customer checking and saving accounts.

Types of system
Physical and Abstract Physical:
Physical systems are touchable entities that can be seen and control: they are static.

Abstract:
Abstract systems nonphysical entities. are conceptual or

Types of system
Open and close system Open:
An open system has many interfaces with its environment. It permits interfaces across the boundary.

Closed:
A closed system does not have interfaces across the boundary. A completely closed system is rare.

Categories of information:
Strategic Managerial Operational

Categories of information:
Strategic:
Relates to long range planning policies that are of direct interest to upper management. Responsible for developing policies and determining long range goals. Ex: trends in financial investment, human resource changes etc.

Categories of information:
Managerial: It is of direct interest of middle management and department heads for implementation and control. Ex: sales analysis, cash flow transactions , annual financial statements etc. Operational: It is short term, daily information used to operate departments and enforce the daytoday rules and regulations of the business. Ex: daily employee attendance sheet, overdue purchase order etc

Management and Information levels in typical Organization

Information levels Management levels

Upper
Strategic

Managerial

Middle

Operational

Lower