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Stresses
σ = E( ε − ε T )
ε0 = εT ε
E
{ ε} = [ D] { σ} + { ε T }
−1
{ σ} = [ D]( { ε} − { ε T } )
10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 3
Strain Energy
1 T
u 0 = { σ} ( { ε} − { ε T } )
2
1
u 0 = ( { ε} − { ε T } ) [ D] ( { ε} − { ε T } )
T
2
U = ∫ u 0 dV
V
1
U = ∫ ( { ε} − { ε T } ) [ D] ( { ε} − { ε T } ) dV
T
V
2
{ ε} = [ B]{ d}
1
U = ∫ ( [ B ]{ d} − { ε T } ) [ D] ( [ B ]{ d} − { ε T } ) dV
T
2V
1
2V
(
T T T
)
U = ∫ { d} [ B ] − { ε T } [ D] ( [ B ]{ d} − { ε T } ) dV
1
(
U L = ∫ { d} [ B ] [ D][ B ]{ d} dV
2V
T T
)
(
U T = ∫ { d} [ B ] [ D]{ ε T } dV
T T
)
V
1
(
Constant = ∫ { ε T } [ D]{ ε T } dV
2V
T
)
10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 7
U = UL + UT
∂U
=0
∂{ d}
∂U L
(
= ∫ [ B ] [ D][ B ]{ d} dV
∂{ d} V
T
)
∂U T
( )
= ∫ [ B ] [ D]{ ε T } dV = { f T }
∂{ d} V
T
{ ε T } = { ε x } = { αT}
T
L
{ fT } = A ∫ [ B] [ D]{ αT} dx
T
∆T = 50o F
1 2 3
1 2 x
4 ft
AE 1 − 1
[k ] =
L 2 − 1 1
− EαTA
{ fT } =
EαTA
B.C.
d1 = d 3 = 0
Solving
d2 = 0
10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 18
Reaction Forces:
F1x 0 − EαTA EαTA
F2 x = 0 − 0 = 0
F 0 EαTA − EαTA
3x
F1x 42000
F2 x = 0 lb
F − 42000
3x
− 42000 lb
σ= 2
= − 10500 psi
4 in
[k ] = ( 12 × 10 )( 70 × 10 ) 1
−4 6
− 1
2 − 1 1
1 − 1
[ k ] = 42000
− 1 1
− EαTA
{ fT } =
EαTA
19.32
{ fT } =
− 19.32
10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 22
For elements 2 & 3:
[k ] = ( 6 × 10 )(100 × 10 ) 1
−4 6
− 1
2 − 1 1
1 − 1
[ k ] = 30000
− 1 1
− EαTA
{ fT } =
EαTA
0
{ fT } =
0
10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 23
Assembling Global Matrices:
( − EαTA ) 1 19.32
( E α TA ) 1 − 19. 32
{fT } = =
0 0
0 0
42 − 42 0 0
− 42 42 + 30 + 30 − 30 − 30
[ K ] = 1000
0 − 30 30 0
0 − 30 0 30
F1x − 11.38
F
2 x 0
= kN
F3x 5.69
F3x 5.69
5.69 kN
σ2 = −4
= 9.48 MPa
6 × 10 m 2
5.69 kN
σ3 = −4
= 9.48 MPa
6 × 10 m 2
1
8 ft 2
2 6 ft 3
[k ] = ( ( 6
)
2) 30 × 10 − 0.48 0.64 0
− 0.64
( 10 × 12) − 0.36 0 0.36 − 0.48
0.48 − 0.64 − 0.48 0.64
0
{ fT } =
0
10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 32
Assembling Global Matrices:
0.36 − 0.48 0 0 0 0
− 0.48 1.89 0 − 1.25 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
[ K ] = 0.50 ×106
0 − 1.25 0 1.25 0 0
0 0 0 0 0.36 − 0.48
0 0 0 0 − 0.48 0.64
0
31500
0
{ fT } =
− 31500
0
0
{d̂} = [T ]{d} *
( Eq. 3.1.14)
10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 36
Reaction Forces (Element 1):
0
=
( )
f̂ 2 x 2 30 ×106 1 − 1 0 1 0 0 0 − 31500
−
( 8 ×12) − 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 31500
f̂1x
0.0333
f̂ 2 x 10700
= lb
f̂1x − 10700
σ1 = −5350 psi
{d̂} = [T ]{d}
*
0
( )
f̂ 2 x 2 30 ×10 6 1 − 1 − 0.6 0.8
=
0 0 0 − 31500
−
f̂1x (10 ×12) − 1 1 0 0 − 0.6 0.8 0 31500
0.0333
f̂ 2 x − 13310
= lb
f̂1x 13310
σ1 = 6660 psi
4 500 mm
5 2
1 2
500 mm
10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 40
Element 1:
x1 = 0.00 y 1 = 0.00
x 2 = 0.50 y 2 = 0.00
x 5 = 0.25 y 5 = 0.25
β1 = y 2 − y 5 = −0.25
β 2 = y 5 − y 1 = 0.25
β5 = y1 − y 2 = 0
γ 1 = x 5 − x 2 = −0.25
γ 2 = x1 − x 5 = −0.25
γ 5 = x 2 − x1 = +0.50
β1 0 β 2 0 β5 0
1
[ B] = 0 γ 1 0 γ2 0 γ5
2A
γ 1 β1 γ 2 β2 γ 5 β 5
− 0.25 0 0.25 0 0 0
1
[ B] = 0 − 0.25 0 − 0.25 0 0.5
0.125
− 0.25 − 0.25 − 0.25 0.25 0.5 0
βi
γ
i
α Et T βj
{fT } =
2( 1 − ν ) γ j
βm
γ m
10/14/08 Thermal Stresses 47
Thermal force matrices for each elements 1 & 2:
−112500 + 112500
−112500 −112500
+ 112500
+ 112500
{f }
1
T =
{f } 2
T =
−112500 + 112500
0 − 225000
+ 225000
0
+ 112500 −112500
+ 112500 + 112500
−112500
−112500
{f } 3
T =
{f } 4
T =
+ 112500 −112500
0 + 225000
− 225000
0
d jx
E 0 1 0
σy = ν 1 γi 0 γj 0 γ m
τ (
1 − ν 2
) 1 − ν 2A
γi βi γj βj γ m βm
d
jy
xy 0 0 2 d mx
my
d
1 ν 0 α∆T
− E ν 1 0 α∆T
(
1 − ν2 )
0 0
1 − ν 0
2
Element 2:
σx + 1.640 × 10 8 + 1.800 × 10 8 − 1.60 × 10 7
8 8 7
σy = + 2.097 × 10 − + 1.800 × 10 = − 2.973 × 10 Pa
τ − 2150 0 − 2150
xy
Element 4:
σx + 1.960 × 10 8 + 1.800 × 10 8 + 1.60 × 10 7
8 8 7
σy = + 5.880 × 10 − + 1.800 × 10 = − 1.212 × 10 Pa
τ − 2150 0 + 2150
xy