Linear Strain Triangular

Elements

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 1

Degree of polynomial Number of
terms
p n
CST
1 3

LST
2 6

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 2

Degree of polynomial Number of
terms
p n
QST
3 10

4 15

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 3

 1 constant
x y linear
x2 xy y2 quadratic
x 3
x y 2
xy 2
y 3
cubic
x 4
x y 3
x y 2 2
xy 3
y 4
quartic
x 5
x y 4 3
x y 2
x y 2 3
xy 4
y 5
fifth order

Pascal’s Triangle
10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 4
 v3
Basic 6 noded triangular element
u3
3
v4
v5 u4
4 v2
u5
5

v1 v6 u2
2
u6

u1 6

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 5

  u1 
 
d1   v1 
   
d 2  u 2 
   
d 3   v 2 
   
{ d} =   =  
d 4  u 3 
   
d 5    
   
 d 6    
 
 v 4 
10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 6
u( x, y ) = a1 + a 2 x + a 3 y + a 4 x + a 5 xy + a 6 y
2 2

v( x, y ) = a 7 + a8 x + a 9 y + a10 x + a11xy + a12 y

2 2

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 7

  a1 
 
 
 a2 
 
 a3 
 
 
 a4 
 
a 
 5
 
u  1 x y x 2 xy y 2 0 0 0 0 0 0  a6 
{ ψ} =   =    
 v  0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x y x2

xy y 2   a 7 
 
 
 a8 
 
a 
 9
 
a10 
 
 
a11 
 
a12 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 8

  a1 
a 
 2
 a3 
 
 a4 
 a5 
 
u   1 x y x 2 xy y 2 0 0 0 0 0 0   a6 
{ ψ} =   =  2  
 v  0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x y x2 xy y   a 7 
 a8 
 
 a9 
a 
 10 

{ ψ } = [ M ]{ a}
*
a11 
a 
 12 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 9

  a1 
a 
 2
 u 1  1 x1 y1 x12 x1 y 1 y 12 0 0 0 0 0 0   a3 
u    
 2  1 x2 y2 x 22 x2y 2 x 22 0 0 0 0 0 0   a4 
                a5 
    
u 6   1 x6 y6 x 62 x6y 6 y 62 0 0 0 0 0 0   a6 
 = 2  
 v 1  0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x1 y1 x12 x1 y 1 y1  a7 

 v 2  0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x2 y2 x 22 x2y 2 y 2  a8 
2 

     
               a9 

 v  0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x6 y6 x 62 x6y 6 y 6  a10 
2 
 6   
a11 
a 
 12 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 10

 a1 
a 
 2 −1
 a 3  1 x1 y1 x 2
1 x1y 1 2
y 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 u1 
   2 2  u 
 a 4  1 x2 y2 x 2 x2y 2 x 0 0
2 0 0 0 0  2
 a5                
     
 a 6  1 x6 y6 x 62 x6y 6 y 62 0 0 0 0 0 0 u 6 
 =  
 a 7  0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x1 y1 x12 x1 y 1 y 12   v1 

 a 8  0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x2 y2 x 22 x2y 2 2
y2  v 2 
    
 a9                

a  0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x6 y6 x 62 x6y 6 y 6 
2 v 
 10    6
a11 
a 
 12 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 11

 { ψ} = [ M ]{ a}*

{ a} = [ X] { d}
−1

{ ψ} = [ N]{ d}

[ N ] = [ M ] [ X]
* −1

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 12

Strain/Displacement
 ∂u 
 ∂x 
 εx   
   ∂v 
{ ε} =  ε y  =  
γ   ∂ y 
 xy   ∂ u ∂ v 
+
∂ y ∂ x 
 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 13

  a1 
0 1 0 2x y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0   
   a 2 
{ ε} =  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 x 2 y   
   
 0 0 1 0 x 2 y 0 1 0 2 x y 0   
 a 12 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 14

 { ε} = [ M′] { a}

{ ε} = [ B] { d}

{ a} = [ X] { d}−1

[ B] = [ M′][ X] −1

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 15

 σx   εx 
   
{ σ} =  σ y  = [ D]  ε y 
τ  γ 
 xy   xy 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 16

 [ k ] = ∫∫∫[ B] [ D] [ B] dV
T

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 17

 β1 0 β 2 0 β3 0 β4 0 β5 0 β6 0
1 
[ B] =  0 γ 1 0 γ2 0 γ3 0 γ4 0 γ5 0 γ 6 
2A
 γ 1 β1 γ 2 β2 γ3 β3 γ4 β4 γ5 β5 γ6 β 6 

β i = β i ( x, y , x c , y c )
γ i = γ i ( x, y , x c , y c )

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 18

 Example 9.2
3
( 0, h )

4  b , h 
 h 5 2 2
 0, 
 2

1 6
2
( 0,0 )
b  ( b,0)
 ,0 
2 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 19

u( x, y ) = a1 + a 2 x + a 3 y + a 4 x + a 5 xy + a 6 y
2 2

( )
v x, y = a 7 + a8 x + a 9 y + a10 x + a11xy + a12 y
2 2

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 20

u1 = u( 0,0 ) = a1
u 2 = u( b,0 ) = a1 + a 2 b + a 4 b 2
u 3 = u( 0, h ) = a1 + a 3 h + a 6 h 2
2 2
b h b h b  b  h  h
u 4 = u ,  = a1 + a 2   + a 3   + a 4   + a 5    + a 6  
2 2 2 2 2  2  2  2
2
 h h h
u 5 = u 0,  = a1 + a 3   + a 6  
 2 2 2
2
b  b b
u 6 = u ,0  = a1 + a 2   + a4  
2  2 2

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 21

 a1 = u1
4u 6 − 3u 4 − u 2
a2 =
b
4u 5 − 3u1 − u 3
a3 =
h
2( u 2 − 2u 6 + u1 )
a4 =
b2
4( u1 + u4 − u5 − u6 )
a5 =
bh
2( u 3 − 2u 5 + u1 )
a6 =
h2
10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 22
 a7 = v1
4v6 − 3v4 − v 2
a8 =
b
4v5 − 3v1 − v 3
a9 =
h
2( v 2 − 2 v 6 + v 1 )
a 10 = 2
b
4( v1 + v 4 − v 5 − v 6 )
a 11 =
bh
2( v 3 − 2 v 5 + v 1 )
a 12 = 2
h
10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 23
  4u 6 − 3u 4 − u 2 
u = u1 +   x+
 b 
 4u 5 − 3u1 − u 3   2( u 2 − 2u 6 + u1 )  2
  y+ 2  x +
 h   b 
 4( u1 + u4 − u5 − u6 )   2( u 3 − 2u 5 + u1 )  2
  xy +  2  y
 bh   h 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 24

  4v6 − 3v4 − v 2 
v = v1 +   x+
 b 
 4v5 − 3v1 − v 3   2( v 2 − 2 v 6 + v 1 )  2
  y+ 2  x +
 h   b 
 4( v1 + v 4 − v 5 − v 6 )   2( v 3 − 2 v 5 + v 1 )  2
  xy +  2  y
 bh   h 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 25

  u1 
 
 v1 
 u  N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 N5 0 N6 0   
 =   u 2 
 v   0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 N5 0 N 6   
 
 
 v 6 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 26

 2 2
x y x  x  y  y
N 1 = 1 − 3  − 3  + 2  + 4    + 2 
b h b  b  h  h
2
x x
N 2 = −   + 2 
b b
2
y y
N 3 = −   + 2 
h h
 x  y 
N 4 = 4  
 b  h 
2
y  x  y  y
N 5 = 4  − 4   − 4 
h  b  h  h
2
x x  x  y 
N 6 = 4  − 4  − 4  
b b  b  h 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 27

 x1 = 0 y1 = 0

x2 = b y2 = 0

x3 = 0 y3 = h
b h
x4 = y4 =
2 2
h
x5 = 0 y5 =
2
b
x6 = y6 = 0
2
10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 28
 2 2
x y x  x  y  y
N 1 = 1 − 3  − 3  + 2  + 4    + 2 
b h b  b  h  h

N1 ( 0,0 ) = 1
N1 ( b,0) = 0
N1 ( 0, h ) = 0
b h
N1  ,  = 0
2 2
 h
N1  0,  = 0
 2
b 
N1  ,0  = 0
2 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 29

 2
x x
N 2 = −   + 2 
b b

N 2 ( 0,0 ) = 0
N 2 ( b,0) = 1
N 2 ( 0, h ) = 0
b h
N2  ,  = 0
2 2
 h
N 2  0,  = 0
 2
b 
N 2  ,0  = 0
2 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 30

 2
y y
N 3 = −   + 2 
h h

N 3 ( 0,0 ) = 0
N 3 ( b,0) = 0
N 3 ( 0, h ) = 1
b h
N3  ,  = 0
2 2
 h
N 3  0,  = 0
 2
b 
N 3  ,0  = 0
2 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 31

  x  y 
N 4 = 4  
 b  h 

N 4 ( 0,0 ) = 0
N 4 ( b,0) = 0
N 4 ( 0, h ) = 0
b h
N4  ,  = 1
2 2
 h
N 4  0,  = 0
 2
b 
N 4  ,0  = 0
2 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 32

 2
y  x  y  y
N 5 = 4  + 4    − 4 
h  b  h  h

N 5 ( 0,0 ) = 0
N 5 ( b,0) = 0
N 5 ( 0, h ) = 0
b h
N5  ,  = 0
2 2
 h
N 5  0,  = 1
 2
b 
N 5  ,0  = 0
2 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 33

 2
x x  x  y 
N 6 = 4  − 4  − 4  
b b  b  h 

N 6 ( 0,0) = 0
N 6 ( b,0 ) = 0
N 6 ( 0, h ) = 0
b h
N6  ,  = 0
2 2
 h
N 6  0,  = 0
 2
b 
N 6  ,0  = 1
2 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 34

N1 + N 2 + N 3 + N4 + N5 + N6 =
2 2
x y x  x  y  y
1 − 3  − 3  + 2  + 4    + 2 
b h b  b  h  h
2 2
x x y y  x  y 
−   + 2  −   + 2  + 4   
b b h h  b  h 
2 2
y  x  y  y x x  x  y 
+ 4  − 4   − 4  + 4  − 4  − 4   =
h  b  h  h b b  b  h 
y
1 + ( − 3 − 1 + 4) + ( − 3 − 1 + 4)   +
h
2 2
y  x  y 
( 2 + 2 − 4 )  x 
+ ( 2 + 2 − 4)   + ( 4 + 4 − 4 − 4)   
b h  b  h 

∑N i = N1 + N 2 + N 3 + N4 + N5 + N6 = 1
10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 35
 β 1 0 β2 0 β3 0 β4 0 β5 0 β6 0
1  
[ B] =  0 γ1 0 γ2 0 γ3 0 γ4 0 γ5 0 γ6 
2A  
 γ 1 β1 γ2 β2 γ3 β3 γ4 β4 γ5 β5 γ6 β 6 

βi = βi (x, y )
γ i = γ i (x, y )

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 36

 β 1 0 β2 0 β3 0 β4 0 β5 0 β6 0
1  
[ B] =  0 γ1 0 γ2 0 γ3 0 γ4 0 γ5 0 γ6 
2A  
 γ 1 β1 γ2 β2 γ3 β3 γ4 β4 γ5 β5 γ6 β 6 

u = N1u1 + N 2u 2 + N 6 u6

∂u ∂N 1 ∂N 2 ∂N 6
εx = = u1 + u2 + u6
∂x ∂x ∂x ∂x

1
εx = ( β 1 u 1 + β 2 u 2 + β 6 u 6 )
2A

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 37

 βi ∂N i
= i = 1, 6
2A ∂x

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 38

 ∂N i
βi = 2A i = 1, 6
∂x
2 A = bh
 3 4x 4 y  4 hx
β 1 = bh  − + 2 +  = − 3 h + + 4y
 b b bh  b
 1 4x  4 hx
β 2 = bh  − + 2  = − h +
 b b  b
β3 = 0
4y
β4 =
bh
β 5 = −4 y
 4   8x   4 y  8 hx
β 6 = bh    −  2  −   = 4h − − 4y
  b   b   bh   b
10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 39
 ∂N i
γ i = 2A i = 1, 6
∂y
4 by
γ 1 = −3 b + 4 x +
h
γ2 = 0
4 by
γ 3 = −b +
h
γ 4 = 4x
8 by
γ 5 = 4b − 4x −
h
γ 6 = −4 x

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 40

Comparison of CST and LST
Elements

1 Linear Strain Triangle 4 Constant Strain Triangles

6 Nodes 6 Nodes
12 D-O-F 12 D-O-F

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 41

 4 x 16 mesh

48 in

12 in

Parabolic Load
40 kip (Total)

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 42

 Test Run # of Nodes # of D-O-F # of Elements

4 x 16 Mesh 85 160 128 CST

8 x 32 Mesh 297 576 512 CST

2x8 85 160 32 LST

4 x 16 297 576 128 LST

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 43

 Tip Max
Run D-O-F Deflection Stress x-locationy-location
(in) (ksi)

1 160 -0.29555 67.236 2.250 11.250

2 576 -0.33850 81.302 1.125 11.630

3 160 -0.33470 58.885 4.500 10.500

4 576 -0.35159 69.956 2.250 11.250

Exact Solution -0.36133 80.00 0 12

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 44

 Natural or Intrinsic
Coordinates 1D Elements

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 45

 L

O P
1 2
x1 L2 L1

x = ξ 1x1 + ξ 2x2

x2 = x1 + L

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 46

 Natural coordinates: ξ 1 = L1 / L
ξ 2 = L2 / L

L1 + L2 = L
Not independent: ξ1 + ξ2 = 1

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 47

 L

1 2

ξ 1 = L1 / L
1

ξ 2 = L2 / L
1

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 48

 x = ξ 1x1 + ξ 2x2
e.g.
ξ 1 = ξ 2 = 1/2
x = (x1 + x2)/2

1   1 1   ξ 1 
 =   
 x   x 1 x 2  ξ 2 
 ξ 1  1  x 2 − 1 1 
 =    
ξ 2  L  − x 1 1   x 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 49

 φ is an arbitrary variable. For example, it
could be displacement u.

φ1 
{ φ} = [ N]  
φ 2 
[ N] = [ ξ 1 ξ 2 ]

N1 = ξ1
N2 = ξ2
10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 50
 L

O 3
1 2
x1 L/2 L/2

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 51

 φ = a1 ξ 12 + a2 ξ 22 + a3 ξ 1 ξ 2
3
1 2

N1 = ξ 1 (2 ξ 1 -1)
3
1 2

3
N2 = ξ 2 (2 ξ 2 -1)
1 2

1
3 N3 = 4 ξ 1 ξ 2
2

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 52

Write N1 directly:

ξ1
3
1 2

(2 ξ 1 -1)
N1 = ξ 1 (2 ξ 1 -1)
ξ 1 = 1 at node 1 (2 ξ 1 -1) = 1 at node 1
ξ 1 = 1/2 at node 2 (2 ξ 1 -1) = 0 at node 2
ξ 1 = 0 at node 3 (2 ξ 1 -1) = -1 at node 3

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 53

 N1 = ξ 1 - N3/2
N2 = ξ 2 - N3/2
N1 + N2 + N3 = ξ 1 + ξ 2 =1

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 54

 φ=u
u = ξ1u1 + ξ 2u 2
∂u
εx =
∂x
∂ u ∂ u ∂ ξ1 ∂ u ∂ ξ 2
= +
∂ x ∂ ξ1 ∂ x ∂ ξ 2 ∂ x
∂u
= u1
∂ ξ1
∂u
= u2
∂ ξ2
10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 55
 1   1 1   ξ 1 
 =   
 x   x 1 x 2  ξ 2 
 ξ 1  1  x 2 − 1 1 
 =    
ξ 2  L  − x 1 1   x 
∂ ξ1 ∂  x2 − x  1
=  =−
∂x ∂x L  L
∂ ξ2 ∂  x − x1  1
=  =
∂x ∂x L  L

 1 1
ε x = u1  −  + u 2  
 L L
10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 56
 [ k ] = ∫ AE [ B] [ B] dL T

k! l!
∫L
k l
ξ ξ dL = L
1 2
( 1 + k + l )!
0! = 1

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 57

 Natural or Intrinsic
Coordinates
CST

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 58

 Natural Coordinates for a Triangular Element
(Area Coordinates)

3
y

side 2 side 1

A2 A1

A3
2

side 3
1

x
10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 59
 ξ i = A1/A
ξ j = A2/A
ξ m= A3/A

ξi + ξj + ξj = 1

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 60

 Natural Coordinates for a Triangular Element
(Area Coordinates)

ξ ξm = 1
i =
ξ 0
i =
0.2 3 or m ξ m = 0.75
5
ξ ξ m = 0.5
i =
0.5
ξ ξ m = 0.25
i =
0.7 ξm = 0
5 2 or j
ξ
i =

ξj
1 1 or i

ξj

=
ξj

1
ξj

0.
=

75
0.
ξj

0.

5
=

25
0

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 61

 1   1 1 1  ξ 1 
     
x =  x i xj xm  ξ 2 
y   y yj y m  ξ 
   i  3
1 1 1 
 
[ A] =  x i xj xm 
y i yj y m 

ξ 1  1 
  −1  
ξ 2  = [ A ]  x 
ξ  y 
 3  
10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 62
  αi βi γi 
1 
[ A] γ j 
−1
=  α j βj
2A
α m βm γ m 

2 A = ( x j − x 1 ) ( y m − y i ) + ( x m − x 1 )( y 2 − y i )

If i-j-m counterclockwise!

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 63

α i = x j y m − y jx m α j = xm y i − y m xi αm = xi y j − y i x j
βi = y j − y m β j = ym − yi βm = y i − y j
γ i = xm − x j γ j = x i − xm γ m = x j − xi

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 64

 Shape Functions
ξ i = Ni
ξ j = Nj
ξ m = Nm

φ = Ni φ i + Nj φ j + Nm φ m

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 65

 Derivatives by the chain rule.

∂ φ ∂ φ ∂ ξ1 ∂ φ ∂ ξ 2 ∂ φ ∂ ξ3
= + +
∂ x ∂ ξ1 ∂ x ∂ ξ 2 ∂ x ∂ ξ 3 ∂ x
∂ φ ∂ φ ∂ ξ1 ∂ φ ∂ ξ 2 ∂ φ ∂ ξ3
= + +
∂ y ∂ ξ1 ∂ y ∂ ξ 2 ∂ y ∂ ξ 3 ∂ y

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 66

∂ ξ1 βi ∂ ξ2 βj ∂ ξ 3 βm
= = =
∂ x 2A ∂x 2A ∂x 2A
∂ ξ1 γi ∂ ξ2 γi ∂ ξ3 γi
= = =
∂ y 2A ∂y 2A ∂y 2A

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 67

 ∂φ
= φi
∂ ξi
∂φ
= φj
∂ ξj
∂φ
= φm
∂ ξm

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 68

 ξ 1  1 
  −1  
ξ 2  = [ A ]  x 
ξ  y 
 3  
 α i βi γ i 
1 
[ A] =  α j β j γ j 
−1

2A
α m β m γ m 
1
ξ1 = ( α i + βi x + γ i y)
2A
∂ ξ1 ∂  α i + βi x + γ i y  βi
=  =
∂x ∂x 2A  2A

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 69

 l! n! p!
∫∫A ξ ξ ξ dA = 2A (2 + l + n + p)!
l n p
i j m

Centroidal Coordinates:

∫∫ x r s
y dA = C r +s A x r s
y
1 1 (+ x r s
y
2 2 + x r s
2y 2 )
A

r+s 1 2 3 4 5
Cr+s 0 1/12 1/30 1/30 2/105

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 70

 Natural or Intrinsic
Coordinates
LST

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 71

 Natural Coordinates for a Triangular Element
(Area Coordinates)

3
y

side 2 side 1

A2 A1

A3
2

side 3
1

x
10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 72
 ξ i = A1/A
ξ j = A2/A
ξ m= A3/A

ξi + ξj + ξj = 1
10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 73
 Natural Coordinates for a Triangular Element
(Area Coordinates)

ξ ξm = 1
i =
ξ 0
i =
0.2 3 or m ξ m = 0.75
5
ξ ξ m = 0.5
i =
0.5
ξ ξ m = 0.25
i =
0.7 ξm = 0
5 2 or j
ξ
i =

ξj
1 1 or i

ξj

=
ξj

1
ξj

0.
=

75
0.
ξj

0.

5
=

25
0

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 74

 Natural Coordinates for a
Triangular Element
(Area Coordinates)

Centroid:
ξ i = ξ j= ξ m = 1/3

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 75

 Node ξ1 ξ2 ξ3

1 1 0 0
2 0 1 0
3 0 0 1
4 0 1/2 1/2
5 1/2 0 1/2
6 1/2 1/2 0

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 76

Shape Functions

Ni 1 2 3 4 5 6
_________________________________________________ _________________________________________________

1 1 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 1 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 1 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 1 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 1

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 77

 Can we write shape functions directly?

ξ 1 = 1 at node 1
ξ 1 = 0 at node 2
ξ 1 = 0 at node 3 N1 = ξ 1 ( 2ξ 1-1 )
ξ 1 = 1/2 at node 4
ξ 1 = 1/2 at node 5
ξ 1 = 0 at node 6

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 78

 ξ 2 = 0 at node 1
ξ 2 = 1 at node 2
ξ 2 = 0 at node 3 N2 = ξ 2 ( 2ξ 2-1 )
ξ 2 = 1/2 at node 4
ξ 2 = 0 at node 5
ξ 2 = 1/2 at node 6

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 79

 ξ 3 = 0 at node 1
ξ 3 = 0 at node 2
ξ 3 = 1 at node 3 N3 = ξ 3 ( 2ξ 3-1 )
ξ 3 = 1/2 at node 4
ξ 3 = 1/2 at node 5
ξ 3 = 0 at node 6

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 80

ξ 1 = 1 at node 1 ξ 2 = 0 at node 1 ξ 3 = 0 at node 1
ξ 1 = 0 at node 2 ξ 2 = 1 at node 2 ξ 3 = 0 at node 2
ξ 1 = 0 at node 3 ξ 2 = 0 at node 3 ξ 3 = 1 at node 3
ξ 1 = 0 at node 4 ξ 2 = 1/2 at node 4 ξ 3 = 1/2 at node 4
ξ 1 = 1/2 at node 5 ξ 2 = 0 at node 5 ξ 3 = 1/2 at node 5
ξ 1 = 1/2 at node 6 ξ 2 = 1/2 at node 6 ξ 3 = 0 at node 6

N4 = 4 ξ 2 ξ 3
N5 = 4 ξ 1 ξ 3
N6 = 4 ξ 1 ξ 2

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 81

 ξ1 = s
ξ2 = t
ξ3 = 1 − s − t

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 82

Step 1 -Select Element
Type

x = a1 + a 2s + a 3 t + a4 s + a 5s t + a6 t
2 2

y = a 7 + a 8 s + a 9 t + a 10 s + a 11 s t + a 12 t
2 2

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 83

Step 1 -Select Element
Type

 x1 
y 
 1
x 2 
x  N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 N5 0 N6 0  
 =  y 2 
y   0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 N5 0 N6  

 
x6 
 
y 6 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 84

Step 1 -Select Element
Type

∂ N i ∂ N i ∂ ξ1 ∂ N i ∂ ξ 2 ∂ N i ∂ ξ 3
= + +
∂s ∂ ξ1 ∂ s ∂ ξ 2 ∂ s ∂ ξ 3 ∂ s
∂ Ni ∂ Ni ∂ Ni
= −
∂s ∂ ξ1 ∂ ξ 3
∂ Ni ∂ Ni ∂ Ni
= −
∂t ∂ ξ2 ∂ ξ3

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 85

Step 1 -Select Element
Type

N1 = ξ 1 ( 2ξ 1-1 )
N2 = ξ 2 ( 2ξ 2-1 )
ξ1 = s
N3 = ξ 3 ( 2ξ 3-1 ) ξ2 = t
N4 = 4 ξ 2 ξ 3
ξ3 = 1 − s − t
N5 = 4 ξ 1 ξ 3
N6 = 4 ξ 1 ξ 2

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 86

Step 1 -Select Element
Type

N1 = s ( 2s - 1 )
N2 = t ( 2t - 1 )
N3 = (1 - s - t) ( 1 - 2s - 2t)
N4 = 4 t (1 - s - t)
N5 = 4 s (1 - s - t)
N6 = 4 s t
10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 87
 Step 2 -Select
Displacement Function

 u1 
v 
 1
u 2 
u   N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 N5 0 N6 0  
 =  v 2 
v  0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 N5 0 N6  

 
u 6 
 
v6 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 88

Step 3 -Define Stress/Strain and
Strain/Displacement

 ∂u 
 
 ε x   ∂x 
   ∂v 
{ ε} =  ε y  =  
γ   ∂y 
 xy   ∂u ∂v 
+
 ∂y ∂x 
 
{ ε} = [ B]{ d}
10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 89
 Chain Rule:

∂f ∂f ∂ x ∂f ∂y
= +
∂s ∂ x ∂s ∂ y ∂s
∂f ∂f ∂ x ∂f ∂y
= +
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂y ∂t

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 90

 Cramer’s Rule:
∂f ∂y ∂x ∂f
∂s ∂s ∂s ∂s
∂f ∂y ∂x ∂f
∂f ∂t ∂t ∂f ∂t ∂t
= =
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂s ∂s ∂s ∂s
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂t ∂t ∂t ∂t

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 91

 Jacobian matrix:

 ∂x ∂y 
 ∂s ∂s 
[ J] =  ∂ x ∂y 


 ∂ t ∂ t 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 92

 Strains in terms of an operator matrix:

 ∂( ) 
 0 
 ε x   ∂x 
   ∂ ( )  u 
{ ε} =  ε y  =  0  
γ   ∂y   v 
 xy  ∂( ) ∂( ) 
 
 ∂y ∂x 
10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 93
 ∂( ) 1  ∂y ∂ ( ) ∂y ∂ ( ) 
=  − 
∂x J  ∂t ∂s ∂s ∂t 
∂( ) 1  ∂x ∂ ( ) ∂ x ∂ ( ) 
=  − 
∂y J  ∂ s ∂t ∂t ∂ s 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 94

  ∂y ∂ ( ) ∂y ∂ ( ) 
 − 0 
 εx  ∂t ∂s ∂s ∂t
  1  ∂x ∂ ( ) ∂x ∂ ( )  u 
 εy  =  0 −  
γ  J  ∂s ∂t ∂t ∂s   v 
 xy   ∂x ∂ ( ) ∂x ∂ ( ) ∂y ∂ ( ) ∂y ∂ ( ) 
 ∂s ∂t − −
∂t ∂ s ∂t ∂s ∂s ∂t 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 95

 { ε} = [ D ′] [ N ] { d}

 ∂y ∂ ( ) ∂y ∂ ( ) 
 ∂t − 0 
∂s ∂s ∂t
 
1  ∂x ∂ ( ) ∂x ∂( ) 
[ D′] = 0 −
J  ∂s ∂t ∂t ∂s 
 ∂x ∂ ( ) ∂x ∂ ( ) ∂y ∂ ( ) ∂y ∂( ) 
 − − 
 ∂s ∂t ∂t ∂s ∂t ∂s ∂s ∂t 

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 96

 Step 4 -Derive Element
Stiffness Matrix and
Equations

[ k ] = ∫∫ [ B ] [ D ] [ B ]
T
t dx dy
A

∫∫
A
f ( x , y ) dx dy = ∫∫A
f ( s , t ) J ds dt

[ k ] = ∫∫ [ B ] [ D ] [ B ]
T
t J ds dt
A

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 97

 { fb } = ∫ ∫ [ N] { Xb } t J ds dt
T

{ fs } = ∫L [ N] { T} t J dL
T

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 98

 Need to use numerical integration
to evaluate the element stiffness
matrix.

( )
n

∫∫f (ξ , ξ
1 2 , ξ 3 ) dA = ∑ Wi f ξ1i , ξ 2i , ξ 2i
A i =1

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 99

 1-point Gauss Formula

Wi = 1
ξ 1i = 1/3
ξ 2i = 1/3
ξ 3i = 1/3

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 100

 3-point Gauss Formula

Wi = 1/3
ξ 1i = 1/3, 1/6, 1/6
ξ 2i = 1/6, 1/3 , 1/6
ξ 3i = 1/6 , 1/6, 1/3

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 101

 3-point Gauss Formula

Wi = 1/3
ξ 1i = 1/2, 1/2, 0
ξ 2i = 1/2, 0, 1/2
ξ 3i = 0, 1/2, 1/2

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 102

 4-point Gauss Formula

Wi = -0.56250
ξ 1i = 1/3
ξ 2i = 1/3
ξ 3i = 1/3
Wi = 0.52083 33333 33333
ξ 1i = 0.6, 0.2, 0.2
ξ 2i = 0.2, 0.6, 0.2
ξ 3i = 0.2, 0.2, 0.6
10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 103
 6-point Gauss Formula

Wi = 0.10995 17436 55322

ξ 1i = 0.81684 75729 80459
ξ 2i = 0.09157 62135 09771
ξ 3i = 0.09157 62135 09771
Wi = 0.22338 15896 78011
ξ 1i = 0.10810 30181 68070
ξ 2i = 0.44594 84909 15965
ξ 3i = 0.44594 84909 15965
10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 104
 7-point Gauss Formula

Wi = 0.12593 91805 44827

ξ 1i = 0.79742 69853 53087
ξ 2i = 0.10128 65073 23456
ξ 3i = 0.10128 65073 23456

Wi = 0.13239 41527 88506 Wi = 0.225

ξ 1i = 0.47014 20641 05115 ξ 1i = 1/3
ξ 2i = 0.47014 20641 05115 ξ 2i = 1/3
ξ 3i = 0.05971 58717 89770 ξ 3i = 1/3
10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 105
Pascal’s Triangle: Degree of polynomial

0
1
1
x y
2
x2
xy y 2

3
x3
x y
2
xy 2
y 3

4
x4
x y
3
x y
2 2
xy 3
y4

5
x5 x4 y x3 y2 x2 y3 x y4 y5

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 106

Degree of polynomial Number of terms
p n

1 3

2 6

3 10

4 15

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 107

 n
φ = ∑ a i ξ 1q ξ r2 ξ s3
i =1

q+r+s =p

Quadratic Triangle
n=6
p=2

n=
( p + 1)( p + 2 )
2
φ = a 1 ξ 12 + a 2 ξ 22 + a 3 ξ 23 + a 4 ξ 1 ξ 2 + a 5 ξ 2 ξ 3 + a 6 ξ 3 ξ 1

Equivalent to :
φ = b 1 + b 2 x + b 3 y + b 4 x 2 + d 5 xy + b 6 y 2
10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 108
 Nodal Numbering Schemes:
3
3

6 5

2
1 1 4 2
3

8
7

9
6
10

2
10/14/08
1 4Linear Strain 5Triangles 109
 Quadratic Triangle
φ = a 1 ξ 12 + a 2 ξ 22 + a 3 ξ 23 + a 4 ξ 1 ξ 2 + a 5 ξ 2 ξ 3 + a 6 ξ 3 ξ 1

Node ξ1 ξ2 ξ3

1 1 0 0
2 0 1 0
3 0 0 1
4 1/2 1/2 0
5 0 1/2 1/2
6 1/2 0 1/2

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 110

Shape Functions

Ni 1 2 3 4 5 6
_________________________________________________ _________________________________________________

1 1 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 1 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 1 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 1 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 1

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 111

 Can we write shape functions directly?
ξ 1 = 1 at node 1
ξ 1 = 0 at node 2
ξ 1 = 0 at node 3 N1 = ξ 1 ( 2ξ 1-1 )
ξ 1 = 1/2 at node 4
ξ 1 = 0 at node 5
ξ 1 = 1/2 at node 6

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 112

 ξ 2 = 0 at node 1
ξ 2 = 1 at node 2
ξ 2 = 0 at node 3 N2 = ξ 2 ( 2ξ 2-1 )
ξ 2 = 1/2 at node 4
ξ 2 = 1/2 at node 5
ξ 2 = 0 at node 6

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 113

 ξ 3 = 0 at node 1
ξ 3 = 0 at node 2
ξ 3 = 1 at node 3 N3 = ξ 3 ( 2ξ 3-1 )
ξ 3 = 1 at node 4
ξ 3 = 1/2 at node 5
ξ 3 = 1/2 at node 6

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 114

ξ 1 = 1 at node 1 ξ 2 = 0 at node 1 ξ 3 = 0 at node 1
ξ 1 = 0 at node 2 ξ 2 = 1 at node 2 ξ 3 = 0 at node 2
ξ 1 = 0 at node 3 ξ 2 = 0 at node 3 ξ 3 = 1 at node 3
ξ 1 = 1/2 at node 4 ξ 2 = 1/2 at node 4 ξ 3 = 0 at node 4
ξ 1 = 0 at node 5 ξ 2 = 1/2 at node 5 ξ 3 = 1/2 at node 5
ξ 1 = 1/2 at node 6 ξ 2 = 0 at node 6 ξ 3 = 1/2 at node 6

N4 = 4 ξ 1 ξ 2
N5 = 4 ξ 2 ξ 3
N6 = 4 ξ 3 ξ 1

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 115

 ∂u ∂N i6
εX = =∑ ui
∂x i =1 ∂x
∂N i 3
∂N i ∂ξ j
=∑
∂x i = 1 ∂ ξ j ∂x

10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 116

Cubic Element ξ i = 1, 0, 1/3, 2/3

N1 = 1/2 ξ 1(3 ξ 1 -1)(3 ξ 1 -2)

N2 = 1/2 ξ 2(3 ξ 2 -1)(3 ξ 2 -2)
N3 = 1/2 ξ 2(3 ξ 2 -1)(3 ξ 2 -2)
N4 = 9/2 ξ 1 ξ 2(3 ξ 1-1)
N5 = 9/2 ξ 2 ξ 1(3 ξ 2-1)
N6 = 9/2 ξ 2 ξ 1(3 ξ 1-1)
N7 = 9/2 ξ 2 ξ 3(3 ξ 2-1)
N8 = 9/2 ξ 2 ξ 3(3 ξ 3-1)
N9 = 9/2 ξ 1 ξ 3(3 ξ 1-1)
N10 = 27 ξ 1 ξ 2 ξ 3
10/14/08 Linear Strain Triangles 117