Submitted by

Mr. Rajeev Kumar Adya

Lecturer Biology

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Jaswinder Singh
Teacher Trainer
 Index
S.No Contents

1 Acknowledgement

2 Subject Matter

3 References
Acknowledgement
This Project has been completed under the able
guidance of
Mr. Jaswinder Singh ( Computer Faculty ) who
has provided me with all the necessary
support for completing this project.
I am thankful to Mrs. Barjinder Kaur Principal
of J.L.N.G.G.S.S.S Jawahar Nagar Ludhiana
and DE trainees for their corporation.
Thanks to Digital Equalizer Program for
providing an opportunity to learn and to
enable me to make such project which me
help me a lot in my teaching.

Rajeev Kumar Adya ( Lect.

 BIODIVERSITY
 Biodiversity or Biological Diversity, sum of
all the different species of animals, plants,
fungi, and microbial organisms living on
Earth and the variety of habitats in which
they live. Scientists estimate that upwards
of 10 million—and some suggest more
than 100 million—different species inhabit
the Earth
 Each species is adapted to its unique niche
in the environment, from the peaks of
mountains to the depths of deep-sea
hydrothermal vents, and from polar ice
caps to tropical rain forests.
 THE GROWING THREAT OF
INVASIVE SPECIES
• Ships, planes, and other modes of travel often
carry plants and animals to distant places. Most
of these nonnative species die under the new,
unfamiliar conditions, but as worldwide
movement of people and goods increases,
thousands of so-called invasive species make
their way abroad and drive out or infest native
species
• Invasive species threaten global biodiversity and
often damage commercial crops.
 INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF
BIODIVERSITY

B. ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

E. EVOLUTIONARY DIVERSITY
 Ecological Diversity
Ecological diversity is the intricate network of
different species present in local ecosystems
and the dynamic interplay between them. An
ecosystem consists of organisms from many
different species living together in a region that
are connected by the flow of energy, nutrients,
and matter that occurs as the organisms of
different species interact with one another.
An ecosystem, then, is a collection of living
components—microbes, plants, animals, and
fungi—and nonliving components—climate and
chemicals—that are connected by energy flow.
Evolutionary Diversity

In evolutionary diversity, the

connection is not energy flow, but
rather genetic connections that unite
species. The more closely related any
two species are, the more genetic
information they will share, and the
more similar they will appear. An
ever-widening circle of evolutionary
relatedness embraces every species
on Earth.
Animal Kingdom
Levels of Biodiversity
1. Genetic Diversity
2. Species Diversity
3. Community and Ecosystem Diversity
a) Alpha Diversity
b) Beta Diversity
c) Gamma Diversity
Biogeographic Regions of India
 Wildlife Institute of India has divided the country
into ten biogeographical regions-
1.Trans-Himalays
2.Himalays
3.Desert
4.Semi-arid
5.Western Ghats
6.Deccan Peninsula-largest biogeographical region
7.Gangetic Plain
8.North East
9.Coasts
10.Islands
Uses of Biodiversity
1.Source of Food
2.Source of Fats and Oils
3.Fibres
4.New Varieties
5.Drugs and Medicines
6.Aesthetic Value
7.Cultural Benefits
8.Ecosystem Services
 Threats to Biodiversity
1.Habitat Loss and Fragmentation
2.Disturbance and Degradation
3.Pollution
4.Over –exploitation
5.Intensive Agriculture
6.Forestery
7.Introduction of Exotic Species
 Extinction of Species: It is the
elimination or dying out of species from the
earth.
Types of Extinction:Extinction is of three
types-
1.Natural Extinction-due to changes in
environmental
conditions,predators,diseases.
2.Mass Extinction-by catastrophes.
3.Anthropogenic Exctinction-by human
activities like settlements,hunting,over-
exploitation and habitat destruction.
Habitat Destruction
 Over –Exploitation
 The blue whale, the largest animal ever to
exist, may grow over 24 m (80 ft) in
length. The loud moans of blue whales
may carry through deep waters to
distances more than 160 km (100 mi)
away, allowing them to communicate
across vast areas of water. Hunted nearly
to extinction in the first half of the 20th
century, blue whales are now protected,
although they remain endangered.
Blue Whale
African Elephant Killed
by Poachers
• Elephant populations are on the
brink of extinction due to poachers
who kill elephants for their ivory
tusks. An international ban on ivory
trade, instituted in 1989 by the
Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
and Flora (CITES), has diminished
the illicit ivory trade and reduced the
killing. Over 120 countries support
the ban.
 Passenger Pigeon
Once abundant in North America, the
passenger pigeon became extinct in 1914
as a result of extensive hunting and loss of
habitat. This specimen is from a museum
in Saskatchewan, Canada .
Red Data Book and IUCN
IUCN is the International Union of conservation of
Nature and Natural Resources which is now
called World Conservation Union(WCU).It
maintains a red data book or red list which is a
catalogue of taxa facing risk of extinction.
Threatened species is the one which is liable to
become extinct if not allowed to realise its full
biotic potential by providing protection from
exotic species / human exploitation / habitat
destruction / habitat deterioration /depletion of
food.
 Red list has eight categories of
species:
1.Extinct
2.Extinct in Wild
3.Critically Endangered
4.Endangered
5.Vulnerable(Depleted Species)
6.Lower risk
7.Data Deficiency
8.Not Evaluated
Spruce forest damaged by
acid rain
 Forests, lakes, ponds, and other terrestrial and
aquatic environments throughout the world
are being severely damaged by the effects of
acid rain. Acid rain is caused by the
combination of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
compounds with water in the atmosphere to
produce rain with a very low pH. Normally,
rainwater has a pH of 6.5, making it slightly
acidic. However, with the addition of sulfur and
nitrogen compounds, the pH of rainwater may
drop to as low as 2.0 or 3.0, making it
dangerously acidic. In addition to chemically
burning the leaves of plants, acid rain poisons
lake water, which kills most if not all of the
aquatic inhabitants.
 CURRENT TYPES OF
CONSERVATION ISSUES
 Biodiversity Conservation
 Forest Conservation
 Soil Conservation
 Water Conservation
 Energy Conservation
 REFERENCES

 NCERT Biology for Senior Secondary

Classes
 Elementary Biology for 10+2

 Pardeep’s Biology for 10+2

 Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia

Deluxe 2005
 Internet