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GFP:
Chapters 18 & 19
Transformation
Uptake of foreign DNA from the environment What we did in our lab (pGLO plasmid) Requires unique cell-surface proteins on the that can recognize similar strands of DNA, bind to it, and allow uptake.
Transduction
Expected Results
PLATES
+pGlo LB/amp +pGlo LB/amp/ara -pGlo LB/amp (CONTROL) -pGlo LB only (CONTROL
OBSERVATIONS
Many colonies with white appearance Transformation observed (resistance to amp) NO fluorescence (No arabinose present) Many transformed white colonies Fluoresce bright green under UV light
No Bacterial growth present on the plate No transformation Bacteria present with whitish colonies (regeneration of the starter plate)
Introductory Questions #
1) Briefly explain the differences between Transformation, Conjugation, and Transduction. How are these three processes the same? (pgs. 348-349) 2) How is an F plasmid different from an R plasmid? 3) What are transposable elements and what do they do?
Introductory Questions #
1) Name the two scientists that discovered the Lac operon system. 2) How are repressible operons different from inducible operons? Give an example of each. 3) What is the difference between an operator and a promoter? 4) Name three example of a virus that has DNA as its genetic material and three examples of Viruses with RNA as its genetic material. 5) Briefly explain what a vaccine is and what it does.
Specialized Genes
Operator = "on/off" switch for operon Regulator = makes repressors to turn off an entire operon Repressor = Binds to operator, turn off gene expression Inducer = Joins with an active repressor, inactivates it Co-repressor = Joins with inactive repressor, converts it to active
OPERON THEORY
Operon = group of structural genes regulated as a unit Several genes controlled by an operator site
Operon Complex
RNA Polymerase must bind to the promoter site and continue past the operator site to transcribe mRNA
INDUCIBLE Operons
Usually OFF - to turn ON: INDUCER needs to bind to an active repressor and inactivate it
RNA Polymerase can then bind and transcribe mRNA Ex. Lac operon is an inducible operon
Repressible Operons
Usually ON - to turn OFF: Co-repressor needs to bind to an inactive repressor and activate it
RNA Polymerase then cannot bind and transcribe mRNA Ex. trp operon is a repressible operon: -trancription is usually on -inhibited only by tryptophan (corepressor)
Lac Operon
Lactose ONLY used when glucose is not present in large quantities When glucose is present, cAMP levels are low, cAMP cannot bind to CAP and initiate enzyme production
Lac Operon
In absence of glucose, cAMP levels are HIGH, binding to CAP can occur Beta-Galactosidase is made
Lac Operon
RNA polymerase only binds efficiently when cAMP-CAP complex is in place Lac Operon = an INDUCIBLE Operon Lactose = an INDUCER Binds to repressor and inactivates it
Operons
Inducible (lac operon): lactose metabolism lactose not present: repressor active operon off no transcription for lactose enzymes lactose present: repressor inactive operon on inducer molecule inactivates protein repressor (allolactose) transcription is stimulated when inducer binds to a regulatory protein
RNA
Ebola Infuenza HIV Measels, Mumps Rabies West Nile
Introductory Questions #
1) Why are transposons called jumping genes? What purpose do the insertion sequences play? 2) What is the difference between an oncogene and a tumor repressor gene?
Oncogene cancer-causing genes Proto-oncogene normal cellular genes How? 1-movement of DNA; chromosome fragments that have rejoined incorrectly 2-amplification; increases the number of copies of proto-oncogenes 3-proto-oncogene point mutation; protein product more active or more resistant to degradation Tumor-suppressor genes changes in genes that prevent uncontrolled cell growth (cancer growth stimulated by the absence of suppression)