Unexpected cooling effect by M.

Faraday (1823)
(28:00 of 1
st
) !

High pressure gas
Liquefied at room temperature
Evaporation by low pressure
Cooling effect by evaporation of liquid
Usual method to obtain low temperature
Throttling process !
J-T coefficient > 0 for
cooling effect
JT
h
T
P

c
| |
=
|
c
\ .

JT
= (T/p)
h
= - (T/h)
p
(h/p)
T



if
JT
= (T/p)
h
> 0 cooling


JT
= (T/p)
h
< 0 heating


Enthalpy, h = u + pv

JT
= (T/p)
h
= - (T/h)
p
(h/p)
T

= -1/Cp{(u/p)
T
+ [(pv)/p]
T
}


Joule-Thomson effect
Enthalpy, h = u + pv


JT
= (T/p)
h
= - (T/h)
p
(h/p)
T

= -1/Cp{(u/p)
T
+ [(pv)/p]
T
}


(u/p)
T
: departure from Joules law, which states that the internal
energy of an ideal gas is f(T) only.
always negative for real gases.
relation with microscopic potential and kinetic energy
(See figure of the intermolecular potential energy !)


[(pv)/p]
T
: departure from Boyles law, which states that the product
of pressure and volume for an ideal gas is f(T) only.
can be negative and positive for real gases.
(-) At low P and T, gases are more compressible
due to attractive force near the saturated-vapor condition.
(+) At high P and T, gases are less compressible
due to repulsive force.
(See figure of the pv with P and T for a real gas !)


intermolecular potential energy
Pv with P and T for a real gas
Fundamentals of refrigeration
Work (W) transport of energy only
Heat (Q) transport of energy
and entropy
1st law of thermodynamics

2nd law of thermodynamics

COP (Coefficient Of Performance)


H L
Q Q W = +
H L
H L
Q Q
T T
>
1
/ 1
L L L
H L H L H L
Q Q T
COP
W Q Q T T T T
= s =

TH ()
TL ()
QH
QL
W
System
Work
Heat
Work is transformed to elastic energy, or potential
energy, or kinetic energy, or magnetic energy,
quantum energy, etc.
Internal energy is increased.
Heat is transferred to environment and entropy
transfer is also accompanied.
Principle of refrigeration
Without internal entropy generation of the system, the
entropy of the system is decreased due to heat
transfer.
Returning to equilibrium state of the system causes
entropy increase of non-thermal entropy* component
as well as total system entropy.
If adiabatic, low temperature is obtained due to
reduced thermal entropy.
If the internal energy change occurs by work transfer
only without generating entropy, the greatest
temperature decrease is obtained. Otherwise,

* Thermal entropy may be regarded as entropy due to
lattice vibration (or temperature).
S (T,P) for fluid refrigeration method
or S(T,H) for magnetic refrigeration method
As TL decreases, more work per unit
refrigeration (W/QL) is required.
Ref.
Temp
TL (K)
Work / Refrigeration
W/QL (W/W)
Carnot
(minimum)
Actual
270 0.11 0.3 ~ 0.5
100 2 10 ~ 20
20 14 100 ~ 200
4 74 700 ~ 1500
1 299 > 6000
As TL decreases, the Carnot efficiency goes down.
General refrigeration
cycle and its
components
P-h diagram of
refrigeration cycle
Very important in cryogenic
refrigeration !
Temperature
Entropy Diagram for
Cryogenic Fluid