PRESENTED BY:

MRS. SUNITA SHARMA

GGHS NAI ABADI
HOSHIARPUR
A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms brought
about by a sharing of electrons between to atoms or a
complete transfer of electrons.

TYPES OF
BONDING

POLAR
IONIC COVALENT
COVALENT
When two atoms that can chemically react with each other approach each
other, it is the outer shell electrons, farthest from the nucleus and hence
less attracted to its nucleus, that interact with the outer shell electrons of
the other atoms in the process that will create a chemical bond between
the elements.. IT IS THE OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS THAT ARE
MOST IMPORTANT IN THIS PROCESS.
If an atom gives up an electron to another atom, then they have an ionic
bond. Ionic bonds arise from elements with low electronegativity (almost
empty outer shells) reacting with elements with high electronegativity
(mostly full outer shells). In this case there is a complete transfer of
electrons.
A well known example is table salt, sodium chloride. Sodium gives up its
one outer shell electron completely to chlorine which needs only one
electron to fill its shell. Thus, the attraction between these atoms is much
like static electricity since opposite charges attract.
Some examples of IONIC BONDING
Covalent bonds involve a complete sharing of electrons and occurs most
commonly between atoms that have partially filled outer shells or energy
levels. Thus if the atoms are similar in negativity then the electrons will be
shared. Carbon forms covalent bonds.
Hydrogen gas forms the simplest covalent bond in the diatomic Hydrogen
molecule. The halogens such as chlorine also exist as diatomic gases by
forming covalent bonds. The nitrogen and oxygen which makes up the
bulk
of the atmosphere also exhibits covalent bonding in forming diatomic
molecules.
SINGLE COVALENT BOND TRIPLE COVALENT BOND

DOUBLE COVALENT BOND

Covalent Bonds in which the sharing of the electron pair is unequal, with
the electrons spending more time around the more nonmetallic atom,
are called Polar covalent bonds. In such a bond there is a charge
Separation with one atom being slightly more positive and the other
more negative, i.e., the bond will produce a dipole moment.
Examples of other molecules that have polar covalent bonds are Peptide Bonds &
Amines.
In addition to Ionic, Covalent and Polar Covalent Bonds chemists

often recognize another type of bond called a Hydrogen Bond. A

hydrogen bond is formed when a charged part of a molecule having

polar covalent bonds forms an electrostatic (charge, as in positive

attracted to negative) interaction with a substance of opposite charge.

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