HERBALREMEDI

ES ON MALARIA
 The competitive advantage of
herbal antimalarials
 Available
 Sustainable
 Reach the parts that modern drugs
don’t reach…
 Affordable
 Malaria as Disease
 Malaria is transmitted by the
infected female anopheles mosquito.
 The specific protozoan organism
causing malaria is from the genus
plasmodium
 Antimalarial are the drug used for
prophylaxis treatment prevention
relapses of malaria
 Caused Organisms
 A. PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM.
 B. PLASMODIUM VIVAX.
 C. PLASMODIUM OVALE.
 D PLASMODIUM MALARIA.
Life cycle of Malaria
 Herbs mainly used for the
treatment of malaria
 ARTEMISININ

 CINCHONA

 NEEM
ARTEMISININ
 It was isolated by
chinese scientist in
1971
 Obtained from
chinese herb
QINGHAO
 Biological source
-Obtained from Chinese herb
ARTEMISIA ANNUA
(Compositae)
 Geographical sources

- Presently cultivated in Kashmir

Valley
 Cultivation & Collection

- It gives about 29
Quintals/Hectare of dry leaf
matter contiaiing 0.11%
 Arthemether : The methyl ether of
dihydroatemisinin is widely used
arthemether injection each 1-ml ampules
contain 80 mg of arthemether in peanut oil
 Arthether : It is a Ethylether of
dihydroartemisinin and appear to be
similar in most respect to arthemether
Derivative of dihydroartemisin,
recommended dose 150 mg / day daily by
i.m for 3 days.
 Artesunate : Is a water soluble
hemisuccinate derivative it is
available as 50mg tablet and as
artesunic acid for injection its tablet
and capsule forms are available.
Rectal suppository and capsules can
be used in emergency
 Artilinate : Is a water soluble
Derivative it is effective as
artesunate and is most stable in
solutions.
 Mechanism of Action
 It is a sesquiterpine Lactone active against P.
falciparum resistant to all other antimalarial drug
as well as sensitive strains.
 Potent & Rapid Blood schizontocide action is
exerted eliciting quicker defervescence and
parasitemia clearance (less than 2 days) then
chloroquine.
 The endoperoxide bridge in its molecule appears
to interact with heme in the parasite. Iron
mediated cleavage of bridge releases a high
reactive free radicals species that binds to the
membrane protein that damages the endoplasmic
reticulum inhibits the protein synthesis and
ultimately lysis of parasite.
 Pharmacokinetics : They are rapidly
absorbed and converted into active
metabolites dihydroartemisinin the
reported t1/2 is less than 1 hr of
artesunate while that of arthemether is 3
to 11 hr
 Adverse effects : Nausea, Omiting, Itching
and drug fever. Abnormal bleeding, dark
Urine, S-T segment changes Q-T
prolongation
 Cinchona as antimalarial

Family; Rubiaceae
Genus; chincona
Species; officinalis,
ledgeriana,
succirubra,
calisaya
Synonyms; peruvian
bark
Part used; bark.
Wood
 Geographical sources; India,
Bolivia,columbia, peru, Tanzania,
Indonesia and Srilanka,in India it is
cultivated in annamalai
hills{coimbatore district}and Nilgiri
in Tamilnadu and Darjeeling area of
westbengal
Cultivation and collection;
 Germination

 seeddling
Extaction of quinine; the bark is
powdered and extacted with benzene
or toluene in presence of alkali.
Further,the alkaloids are extracted
with dil. Sulphuric acid. By bringing
the acid extract to neutrality quinine
sulphate separates , as it is sparingly
soluble.
 Mechanism of action
 Blood schizonticides; agent such mas asquine,
quinacrine,amodiaquine and chloroquine
supreses the symptoms by destroing the scizonts
and merozoites in the erythrocyte
 Gametocides. Agent such as primaquine, by
destroying thegametocytein the blood,prevent
infection caused by thebites of the mosquitoes
 Sporonticides, Agents such as chlorguanide and
pyrimethamine help to eradicate the disease by
preventing sporogony and multiplication of the
parasites
 Secondary tissue schizonticides,agent such as
prime quine destroy axoerythrocyte tissue
schizonts such as those developing in the liver.
 Traditional preparation
One to two gram daily of powdered
bark in tablets or capsules drug
 Drug interaction

Warfarin
Typical dosage
1-3grams daily 5%liquid extract.
0.6-3 grams daily 20% extract
 Neem as antimalarial
 Biological sources;
commonly known
as,Azadiracta
indica,belongs to
family , MELIACEAE

Geographical souces;
It is obtained in east
india and Burma,it
grows in much of
southeast asia and
west africa
Part used; neem seed
 Active constituents of neem
 Azadirachtin

 Nimbin

 Nimbidin
 Mechanismm of action
 They are effective against
synchronised stages of parasite
 All the maturation stages of
gametocytes are also killed
 It is also effective against parasite
previously shown to be resistant to
other antimalarial drugs like
chloroquine &pyrimethamine
 Ayush 64
 It is a combination of 4 plant
 Alstonia scholaris{saptaparna}
 Picrorhiza kurroa{katuki}
 Swertia Chirata{kirata tikta}
 Caesalpinia crista Linn{kuberaksa}
 It is widely affective against P.vivax
 Ayush-64
 Composition :
 Each tablet contains.
 Saptaparna, Bark Aqueous extract
100mg
 Katuki, Root 100 mg
 Kirata tikta whole plant 100mg
 Kuberaksa Seed powder 200mg
Comparative efficacy of ayush -64 vs
chloroquine in vivax malaria
 The result of the study showed that at day
28,only 23 of the47 patients in the
ayushgroup and all the 41 in the
chloroquine group were cured
 Even in this 23 patient in the ayush group

parasite clearance time was longer than

chloroquine.
 iIn conclusion, Ayush-64 in a dose of 1 gm
three times a day for5-7days is not as
effective for treatment of vivax malaria,as
standard chloroquine therapy.
 Doses:
 Adult : 4 tablet(500mg.), thrice daily
for 7 days
 Children (5-12) : 2 tablets (500 mg,
each) thrice daily for 5-7 days.
 Infants(below 5 yrs) : Powder of 1
tablet(500 mg) with honey, three
times a day.
 The limitations of traditional
medicine
 There is little clinical data on safety
and efficacy
 Content of active compounds in
plants is variable
 There is no consensus on what
plants, preparations and dosages to
use