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Tech.
Main
Memory
Secondary
Storage
Memory System
CPU
Basic Structure
CPU
CPU
Control Unit (CU)
Send and receive control signals to and from
peripheral devices
Interpret instructions stored in main memory
Synchronize all operations performed in the CPU
Sequence instructions to be executed
Controls the flow of data between different
components
CPU
Bus System
Group of wires
Connect different parts within a computer system
3 Types:
Data Bus
Address Bus
Control Bus
Bus System
Bus System
Data Bus
Carry data/instruction signals
Bidirectional
No. of data lines = No. of bits of one data
Address Bus
Carry address signals – Memory Address
e.g. Instruction address, data address
Unidirectional
If n is the number of address bus, then:
Max. Addressable Memory Size = 2n
Bus System
Bus System
Control Bus
Carry control signals
Give the controls of other parts in the computer to CU
Unidirectional
Main
CPU
Memory
Data Bus
Address Bus
Control Bus
Main Memory
Accessible to CPU without other I/O channels
Installed on the motherboard
Faster access
2 major types:
RAM (Random Access Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory)
RAM ROM
RAM vs ROM
128 Mb
SDRAM
RAM
Volatile
Data disappeared when the computer is powered off
Hold data and instructions being used / to be used
temporarily
Categories:
SRAM
RDRAM with integrated heatsink
DRAM
SDRAM
DDR/DDR2 SDRAM, RDRAM (Rambus DRAM)
RAM vs ROM
ROM EPROM
Non-volatile
Hold permanent data and instructions provided by the
manufacturer (firmware)
Bootstrap program: Load and initialize the OS
BIOS (Basic Input/Output System):
Manage data transfers between I/O devices and CPU
Examples
P (Programmable) ROM
E (Erasable) PROM
E (Electrically) EPROM
EA (Alterable) ROM
Flash Memory
CMOS Memory
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
Store data for a long time
Basic information of the computer system
E.g. Type of HDD, memory capacity, etc.
Other Memories
Cache Memory
High speed
Stores the most frequently used data and
instructions
CPU search cache first, then RAM