Periodic Properties of

Elements in the Periodic

Table

Chapter 38
Periodic Table (Modern
Form)
Periodic Law
 The properties of
elements are a
periodic function
of their atomic
number

P = F(z)
Periodic Law
 When elements Atomic radii vs. Z
are arranged in K
order of atomic Na
number, similar Li
properties recur
periodically.
 Periodic Law
First Ionization Energy

Atomic number
 Why Periodic Law?

Chemical Type of
and Bonding Atomic
Physical and properties
properties structure

Atomic number
 Ionization Energies
Variations:
2. Across a period
3. Down the group
He
First I.E.

Ne
Ar
N F P
Be O
H C Mg
Si S Cl Ca
B
Li Na Al K

Atomic number
Atomic radius
K
Ca
Na

Li Mg

Be
Ar
H Ne
He
 Atomic Radius (pm) 1pm=1x10-12m

H He
37 54

Li Be B C N O F Ne
156 105 91 77 71 60 67 80

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
186 160 143 117 111 104 99 96
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
231 197 161 154 131 125 118 125 125 124 128 133 123 122 116 115 114 99

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
243 215 180 161 147 136 135 132 132 138 144 149 151 140 145 139 138 109

Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
265 210 154 143 137 138 134 136 139 144 147 189 175 155 167 145

La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
187 183 182 181 181 180 199 179 176 175 174 173 173 194 172
Electronegativity
Electronegativity

Cl

Li Ca
Na K
He Ne Ar
Atomic number
 Electronegativity
Increase in electronegativity

H He
Decrease 2.1 -
Li Be B C N O F Ne
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 -
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0 -
K Al
0.8 1.0
Melting Points
m.p./oC

4000 C

3000

2000 Si

1000 Ca
0
He Ne Ar
-1000
0 5 10 15 20

Atomic number
Melting Points
Increase

H He
-259 -270
Li Be B C N O F Ne
180 1280 2300 3730 -210 -218 -220 -249

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
97.8 650 660 1410 44.2 119 -101 -189
K Ca
63.7 850 Unit: oC
Periodic Variation of
Physical Properties
 Structure & Bonding
 Giant metallic → Giant covalent
→ Simple molecular
Periodic Variation of
Chemical Properties
 Formulae of hydrides,
oxides, chlorides
 Hydrolytic behaviours
and explanations
Peiodicity in formulae
Moles of Cl atoms per mole of atoms of element
6

Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
 Hydrides

Period 2 LiH BeH2 B2H6 CH4 NH3 H2O HF

Period 3 NaH MgH2 AlH3 SiH4 PH3 H2S HCl

Covalent Typically Polar

Ionic
with some Covalent covalent
ionic
character
 Hydrides
Bonding Hydrolytic behaviour

Ionic NaH + H2O → NaOH + H2

(H- + H2O → OH- + H2)

Covalent withBeH2 + 2H2O → Be(OH)2 + 2H2

ionic character
MgH2+ 2H2O → Mg(OH)2 + H2

B2H6 + 6H2O → 2H3BO3 + 6H2

AlH3 + 3H2O → Al(OH)3 + 3H2
Be(OH)2, Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3 are alkaline
H3BO3 is acidic
 Hydrides

Typically CH4 does not dissolve nor react

Covalent
SiH4 reacts to give SiO2.2H2O + H2

PH3 very slight soluble

H H
Si :OH2 Si + H2 etc
H OH
H H H
H
 Hydrides
Polar covalent NH3 + H2O → NH4+ + OH-

H2S + H2O → H3O+ + HS-

HF + H2O → H3O+ + F-

HCl + H2O → H3O+ + Cl-

Note: From gp4 to gp7

Acidity increases because polarity of bond increase

 Check point 38-3

H-O-H + :NH3 OH- + NH4+

H2O: + H-Cl H3O+ + Cl-

N is more electronegative, hence more basic than Cl.

It reacts with water by donating its lone pair electron.

CH4 , due to its non-polar covalent bond, it does not

dissolve nor react with water.
Oxides
Ionic Basic
Na2O

Ionic with
Covalent Amphoteric Al2O3
character
Covalent Acidic CO2
SO2
NO2
Ionic Oxides

O2- + H2O → 2OH-

Na2O(s) + H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq)

Li2O(s) + H2O(l) → 2LiOH(aq)
MgO(s) + H2O(l) → Mg(OH)2(s)
Amphoteric Oxides

BeO + 2H+ → Be2+ + H2O

BeO + 2OH- + H2O → [Be(OH)4]2-

Al2O3 + 6H+ → 2Al3+ + 3H2O

Al2O3 + 2OH- + 3H2O → 2[Al(OH)4]-
Covalent Oxides
Mechanism of the Hydrolytic behaviour
of covalent oxides:

O=Xδ+ :O-H [O-X-OH]- + H+

H

CO2 + H2O  H2CO3  H+ + HCO3-

SO2 + H2O  H2SO3  H+ + HSO3-
2NO2 + H2O → HNO3 + HNO2
Covalent Oxides

P4O6 and P4O10 :

P4O6(s) + 6H2O(l), cold → 4H3PO3(aq)

P4O6(s) + 6H2O(l), hot→ 3H3PO4(aq) + PH3(g)
P4O10(s) + 6H2O(l) → 4H3PO4(aq)

The actual reactions are complicated.

The products formed depend on the amount of
water present and the conditions of reaction.
Covalent Oxides

Group VIIA: F2O, Cl2O and Cl2O7

F2O(g) + H2O(l) → 2HF(aq) + O2(g)

Cl2O(g) + H2O(l) → 2HOCl(aq)
Cl2O7(l) + H2O(l) → 2HClO4(aq)
+ -
O O O O O O
Cl Cl Cl Cl
O O
O O O O O O
Cl2O7(g)/(l) Cl2O7(s)
 Check point 38-4

• SiO2 does not react with water. The giant

covalent structure has high lattice energy.
It is not possible to break it down in aqueous
solution.
Chlorides

LiCl BeCl2 BCl3 CCl4 NCl3 OCl2 ClF

NaCl MgCl2 AlCl3 SiCl4 PCl5 S2Cl2 Cl2

PCl3 SCl2

Ionic Intermediate Covalent

with covalent
character
Ionic chlorides
 Group IA
 LiCl, NaCl are not hydrolysed in aqueous
solution, neutral solution formed when
dissolved. NaCl (s) → Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq), LiCl
(s) → Li+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
 Group IIA
 MgCl2 is not hydrolysed.
 Hydrated crystals undergoes hydrolysis
when heated. MgCl2.6H2O → MgCl(OH) +
5H2O + HCl
 Intermediate chlorides
BeCl2 and AlCl3 :

Be2+ and Al3+

High charge/size ratio, strong polarizing power,
cation hydrolysis.
H :OH2
Be2+ :O
H

BeCl2 + 2H2O Be(OH)2 + HCl

AlCl3 + 3H2O → Al(OH)3 + 3HCl

 Covalent chlorides
Group IIIA BCl3 Cl
:OH2
Bδ+

Cl Cl

Due to presence of vacant orbital and the polar

B-Cl bond.

BCl3 reacts vigorously with water to give

boric acid, H3BO3 and HCl.

BCl3(l) + 3H2O(l) → H3BO3 (aq) + 3HCl(aq)

Covalent chlorides
Group 4A : CCl4 and SiCl4

Cl Cl

C Si Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl

CCl4 does not hydrolyzed by water

SiCl4 hydrolyzes.
SiCl4(g) + 4H2O(l) → SiO2.2H2O(s) + 4HCl(aq)
 Covalent chlorides
Group VA: NCl3

NCl3(l) + 3H2O(l) → NH3(aq) + 3HOCl(aq)

chloric(I) acid
H
:O :Nδ-Cl3
H
N does not have low-lying vacant orbital,
it hydrolyses through the donation of lone pair
electron of N atom to the H atom of water molecule.
Covalent chlorides
Group VA: PCl3 and PCl5

PCl3(l) + 3H2O(l) → H3PO3(aq) + 3HCl(aq)

PCl5(s) + 4H2O(l) → H3PO4(aq) + 5HCl(aq)

P is less electronegative than Cl.

PCl3 and PCl5 hydrolyze by accepting the electron
pair from water molecule.
 Covalent chlorides
Group VI: SCl2 , S2Cl2

SCl2(g) + H2O(l) → HSCl(aq) + HOCl(aq)

S2Cl2(l) + 2H2O(l) → H2S(g) + SO2(g) + 2HCl(aq)

Group VII: FCl, Cl2

FCl(g) + H2O(l) → HF(aq) + HOCl(aq)

Cl2(g) + H2O(l) → HCl(aq) + HOCl(aq)
Check point 38-5

Give the equation for the reaction between the

following compounds with water:

• AlCl3
• Cl2O6
Past paper questions
Periodicity

1999 IIA 3c
2001 IIA 3c