Intro to Java

for ECS 160 Stoney Jackson jacksoni@cs.ucdavis.edu wwwcsif.cs.ucdavis.edu/~jacksoni

Whats the first question youve got to ask about a language named Java?

Can you make coffee with it?

It was meant to!!

A programming language for appliances!

Must Run on Any Architecture

WRITE ONCE, RUN ANYWHERE!
Program in Java Java Compiler Java Bytecode

debug

pretty portable

Java Virtual Machine

Java Virtual Machine

Doesnt Make Coffee Yet

So Whats Java Good For?

Web applications!

Java Applet Java Applet

Server

Java on the Web: Java Applets

Clients download applets via Web browser Browser runs applet in a Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
Applet

Client

Server

Interactive web, security, and client consistency Slow to download, inconsistent VMs (besides, flash won this war)
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Java on the Web: J2EE

Thin clients (minimize download) Java all server side

JSPs Servlets

Client EJB

Server

THIS IS WHAT YOULL BE DOING!!

JDBC

The Java programming environment

Compared to C++:

no header files, macros, pointers and references, unions, operator overloading, templates, etc.

Object-orientation: Classes + Inheritance Distributed: RMI, Servlet, Distributed object programming. Robust: Strong typing + no pointer + garbage collection Secure: Type-safety + access control Architecture neutral: architecture neutral representation Portable Interpreted

High performance through Just in time compilation + runtime modification of code

Multi-threaded
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Java Features

Well defined primitive data types: int, float, double, char, etc.

int 4 bytes [2,147,648, 2,147,483,647]

Control statements similar to C++: if-then-else, switch, while, for Interfaces Exceptions Concurrency Packages Name spaces Reflection Applet model
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The Java programming environment

Java programming language specification

Syntax of Java programs Defines different constructs and their semantics

Java byte code: Intermediate representation for Java programs Java compiler: Transform Java programs into Java byte code Java interpreter: Read programs written in Java byte code and execute them Java virtual machine: Runtime system that provides various services to running programs Java programming environment: Set of libraries that provide services such as GUI, data structures,etc. Java enabled browsers: Browsers that include a JVM + ability to load programs from remote hosts
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Java: A tiny intro

How are Java programs written? How are variables declared? How are expressions specified? How are control structures defined? How to define simple methods? What are classes and objects? What about exceptions?

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How are Java programs written?

Define a class HelloWorld and store it into a file: HelloWorld.java: public class HelloWorld { public static void main (String[] args) { System.out.println(Hello, World); } } Compile HelloWorld.java javac HelloWorld.java Output: HelloWorld.class Run 13 java HelloWorld

How are variables declared?

Fibonacci: class Fibonacci { public static void main(String[] arg) { int lo = 1; int hi = 1; System.out.println(lo); while (hi < 50) { System.out.println(hi); hi = lo + hi; lo = hi lo; } 14 } }

How to define expressions?

Arithmetic: +, -, *,/, %, = 8 + 3 * 2 /4 Use standard precedence and associativity rules

Predicates: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <= public class Demo { public static void main (String[] argv) { boolean b; b = (2 + 2 == 4); System.out.println(b); }
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How are simple methods defined?

Every method is defined inside a Java class definition
public class Movie {
public static int movieRating(int s, int a, int d) {
return s+a+d;

} public class Demo {

public static void main (String argv[]) {
int script = 6, acting = 9, directing = 8; displayRating(script, acting, directing);

} public static void displayRating(int s, int a, int d){

System.out.print(The rating of this movie is); System.out.println(Movie.movieRating(s, a, d));

}
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How are control structures specified?

Typical flow of control statements: if-then-else, while, switch, do-while, and blocks
class ImprovedFibo { static final int MAX_INDEX = 10; public static void main (String[] args) { int lo = 1; int hi = 1; String mark = null; for (int i = 2; i < MAX_INDEX; i++) { if ((i % 2) == 0) mark = " *"; else mark = ""; System.out.println(i+ ": " + hi + mark); hi = lo + hi; lo = hi - lo; }}}
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What are classes and objects?

Classes: templates for constructing instances Fields

Instance variables Static variables

Methods

Instance Static class Point { public double x, y; } Point lowerleft = new Point(); Point upperRight = new Point(); Point middlePoint = new Point(); lowerLeft.x = 0.0; lowerLeft.y = 0.0; upperRight.x = 1280.0; upperRight.y = 1024.0 middlePoint.x = 640.0; middlePoint.y = 512.0
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How are instance methods defined?

Instance methods take an implicit parameter: instance on which method is invoked public class Movie { public int script, acting, directing; public int rating() { return script + acting + directing; } } public class Demo { public static void main (String argv[]) { Movie m = new Movie(); m.script = 6; m.acting = 9; 19 m.directing = 8;

How to extend classes?

Inheritance: mechanism for extending behavior of classes; leads to construction of hierarchy of classes [Note: no multiple inheritance] What happens when class C extends class D:

Inherits Inherits Inherits Inherits C can:

instance variables static variables instance methods static methods

Add new instance variables Add new methods (static and dynamic) Modify methods (only implementation) Cannot delete anything
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How to extend classes?

public class Attraction { public int minutes; public Attraction() {minutes = 75;} public int getMinutes() {return minutes;} public void setMinutes(int d) {minutes = d;} } public class Movie extends Attraction { public int script, acting, directing; public Movie() {script = 5; acting = 5; directing = 5;} public Movie(int s, int a, int d) { script = s; acting = a; directing = d; } public int rating() {return script + acting + directing;} } public class Symphony extends Attraction { public int playing, music, conducting; public Symphony() {playing = music = conducting = 5;} public Symphony(int p, int m, int c) { playing = p; music = m; conducting = c; } public int rating() {return playing + music + conducting;} }

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What are abstract classes?

Abstract class: Merely a place holder for class definitions; cannot be used to create instances.;
public abstract class Attraction { public int minutes; public Attraction() {minutes = 75;} public int getMinutes() {return minutes;} public void setMinutes(int d) {minutes = d;} public abstract void m(); }

Following is an error:

Attraction x; x = new Attraction();

Following is not an error:

public class Movie extends Attraction { } public class Symphony extends Attraction { } Attraction x; x = new Movie (); x = new Symphony(); 22

Packages
Object extends Attraction extends Movie Symphony Auxiliaries Demonstration

How do we organize above classes into a single unit? Put them in file? However, only one public class per file (whose name is same as files) Solution: Place several files (compilation units) into a package
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Packages contd.

units of organizing related Classes, Interfaces, Sub packages Why?

Reduce name clashing Limit visibility of names

Java programs typically organized in terms of packages and subpackages

Each package may then be divided into several packages, subpackages, and classes Each class can then be stored in a separate file

Each source file starts with something like: package mypackage;

Code in source file is now part of mypackage

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Packages contd.
package onto.java.entertainment; public abstract class Attraction { }

package onto.java.entertainment; public class Movie extends class Attraction {}

package onto.java.entertainment; import java.io.*; import java.util.*; public class Auxiliaries { }

Where to store packages? How does Java find packages? Export and Import Access control
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Exceptions
public class A { public void foo() throws MyException { if(aBadThingHappened()) { throw new MyException(); } } public void bar() { try { this.foo(); } catch (MyException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } } public class MyException extends Exception { public MyException() {} public MyException(String message) { super(String message); } }

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Finally
public class A { public void foo() throws MyException { throw new MyException(); } } public void bar() { try { this.foo(); } catch (MyException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (YourException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } finally { ... // always executed before leaving the try/catch } } }

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Resources

http://java.sun.com/

Java[tm] 2 Platform, Standard Edition v1.4.1

java, javac, jar, jre, etc. Any platform... FREE!

Online documentation and tutorials

http://www.eclipse.org/

Integrated development environment (IDE) for nothing in particular Java[tm] development tools (JDT) (comes with Eclips)

Project management Editor Incremental compiler CVS support

C/C++ extension in progress AspectJ support Windows, Linux, and Mac.... FREE!
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Qualifiers

public any class* may access (no qualifier) package protected only the class* and classes* in the same package may access protected only the class* and decendent classes* may access private only the class* may access

The class or instances of the class (an object of the class)

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Package Protected
package edu.ucdavis; public class A { int x; } package edu.ucdavis; public class B { void foo(A a) { a.x; } // OK, same package } package org.omg; public class B { void foo(A a) { a.x; } // Not OK, different package } package edu.ucdavis.cs; public class B { void foo(A a) { a.x; } // Not OK, different package } package edu.ucdavis.cs; public class B { void foo(A a) { a.x; } // Not OK, different package } package edu; public class B { void foo(A a) { a.x; } // Not OK, different package } 30

Protected
public class A { protected int x; } public class B extends A { void foo(A a) { this.x; a.x; } // OK, B is a decendent of A } public class C extends B { void foo(A a) { this.x; a.x; } // OK, C is a decendent of A through B } package edu; // Uh oh! public class D extends C { void foo(A a) { this.x; a.x; } // OK, D is a decendent of A } public class E { void foo(A a) { this.x; a.x; } // NOT OK, E is NOT a decendent of A }

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Threads

Multiple threads of execution within the same program, share the same memory space -> lightweight. Perform multiple tasks at the same time. Work on the same task in parallel. Heavily used in user interfaces.

Web browsers: load web pages while the user can still scroll, go back, open a new window, etc. Web servers: serve multiple requests in parallel.

Can take advantage of multiple processors. Threads in Java

Java manages and schedules threads Java provides synchronize to help coordinate multiple threads
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Creating a Thread in Java

public class MyThread extends Thread { public MyThread(String threadName) { super(threadName); } public void run() { for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { System.out.println(i + + getName()); try { sleep((long)(Math.random() * 1000)); } catch(InterruptedException e) {} } } }

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Creating a Thread in Java

public class ThreadTest { public static void main(String[] args) { for(int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) { MyThread t = new MyThread(args[i]); t.start(); } } } > java ThreadTest Bob Frank 0 Bob 0 Frank 1 Bob 2 Bob 1 Frank 3 Bob 2 Frank 3 Frank 4 Frank ...
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Creating a Thread in Java via Interface

public class MyRunnable implements String name; public MyRunnable(String name) { this.name = name; } public void run() { for(int i; i < 10; i++) { System.out.println(i + + try { sleep((long)(Math.random() } catch(InterruptedException } } } Runnable {

name()); * 1000)); e) {}

public class ThreadTest { public static void main(String[] args) { for(int i = 0; i < args.length; i++) { Thread t = new Thread(new MyRunnable(args[i]), args[i]); t.start(); } } } 35

Producer Consumer Problem

public class Producer extends Thread { private Share shared; public Producer(Share s) { shared = s; } public void run() { for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++){ shared.put(i); } } } } shared.put(0) shared.get() // 0 gotten shared.get() // 0 gotten again!! shared.put(0) shared.put(1) shared.get() // 0 never gotten!! // what about simultaneous // access?! shared.put(0) shared.get() RACE CONDITIONS! public class Consumer extends Thread { private Share shared; public Consumer(Share s) { shared = s; } public void run() { int value; for(int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { value = shared.get(); } }

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Synchronized
public class Share { private int s; public synchronized int get() { ... } public synchronized void put(int s) { ... } }

Synchronized provides mutual exclusion on an object For any object, only one thread may execute inside any of that objects synchronized Share s1 = new Share(); t1 -> s1.get() // gets in methods Share s2 = new Share(); t2 -> s1.put(32) // blocks

Thread t1 = ...; Thread t2 = ...;

t1 -> s1.get() // gets in t2 -> s2.put(4) // gets in

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Producer Consumer Coordination

public class Share { private int s; private boolean empty = true; public synchronized int get() { while (empty == true) { try { wait(); // nothing to get, wait } catch (InterruptedException e) {} } empty = true; notifyAll(); // wakeup waiting Consumers/Producers return s; } public synchronized void put(int s) { while (empty == false) { try { wait(); // no room } catch (InterruptedException e) {} } this.s = s; empty = false; notifyAll(); // wakeup waiting Consumers/Producers }

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