Chapter 4

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A.
Rathus
Chapter 4
Chapter 4 Birth and the Newborn Baby: In the New World
Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

Chapter 4
Birth and the Newborn Baby: Truth or Fiction?

The fetus signals the mother when it is ready to be born. After birth, babies are held upside down and slapped on the buttocks to stimulate independent breathing.

Chapter 4

The way that the umbilical cord is cut determines whether the babys belly button will be an inny or an outy. Women who give birth according to the Lamaze method do not experience pain.

Chapter 4

In the United States, 1 birth in 4 is by cesarean section. It is abnormal to feel depressed following childbirth.

Chapter 4

Parents must have extended early contact with their newborn children if adequate bonding is to take place. More children die from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) than from cancer, heart disease, pneumonia, child abuse, AIDS, cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy combined.

Chapter 4
Countdown
The Stages of Childbirth

Chapter 4
What Events Occur just prior to the Beginning of Childbirth?

Dropping or Lightening
Head of fetus settles in pelvis
Braxton-Hicks contractions
First uterine contractions may be experienced as early as 6th month
Blood spotting in vaginal secretions

Day or so before labor
Rush of amniotic fluid from vagina

Occurs in 1 woman in 10

Chapter 4
What Events Occur just prior to the Beginning of Childbirth?

Beginning of labor may be signaled by indigestion, diarrhea, ache in small or back, and abdominal cramps Placenta and uterus secretes prostaglandins
excite uterus muscles causing contractions
As labor progresses, oxytocin is released

stimulates contractions powerful enough to expel the fetus

Chapter 4
What Happens during the First Stage of Childbirth?

Uterine contractions efface and dilate cervix First stage lasts from a few hours to more than a day Contractions increase in strength, frequency, and regularity Mother may be prepped
Shaving pubic hair Administer enema

Chapter 4
What Happens during the First Stage of Childbirth?

Fetal monitoring
Measure fetal heart rate and mothers contractions
If necessary to speed up delivery, forceps or vacuum extraction tube may be used Transition (about 30 minutes)
Cervix is nearly fully dilated Head of fetus moves into vagina Frequent and strong contractions

Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 The Stages of Childbirth

Chapter 4
What Happens during the Second Stage of Childbirth?

Begins when baby appears at opening of birth canal Ends with birth of baby Babys head crowned when it begins to emerge from birth canal Episiotomy may be performed once crowning takes place
Used to prevent tearing of mother Controversial and used less frequently

Chapter 4
Lessons in Observation: Birth
In the video, Lee had her baby in a hospital setting, without fetal monitoring or anesthesia. What are some other approaches to childbirth outlined in your text? Lee was in labor for 9 hours with her first child, Carter. Is this typical?

Chapter 4

Chapter 4
Lee and Dan were worried about the size of Carters testicles and his somewhat flattened facial features. Describe the newborn babys appearance and explain the likely duration of these characteristics.
What does the acronym APGAR stand for?

Chapter 4

How are each of the five areas tested by the APGAR rated? Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration Explain the APGAR score ratings in connection with good, fair, and poor condition.

Chapter 4

What was Carters APGAR score? Why is this test performed twice, at one minute and at five minutes? Does the APGAR score predict the future health of a baby?

Chapter 4
What Happens during the Second Stage of Childbirth?

Once babys head emerges from mother, mucus is suctioned from the babys mouth
Clears passageway for breathing
Umbilical cord is clamped and severed Newborn may be removed

Baby is footprinted ID bracelet is put on baby Antibiotic ointment or drops are applied to babys eyes Baby receives Vitamin K injection

Chapter 4
What Happens during the Third Stage of Childbirth?

Also referred to as the placenta stage Lasts minutes to an hour or more Placenta separates from the wall of uterus and is expelled Obstetrician sews episiotomy, if performed

Chapter 4
Methods of Childbirth

Chapter 4
How is Anesthesia Used in Childbirth?

General anesthesia
Puts mother to sleep
Negative effects of general anesthesia

Abnormal patterns of sleep and wakefulness Decreased attention and social responsiveness for at least 6 weeks
Local anesthetics
Deadens pain without putting mother to sleep Minor depressive effects on neonates shortly after birth

Chapter 4
What is Prepared Childbirth?

Lamaze method
Utilize breathing and relaxation exercises to lessen fear and pain Teaches women to associate relaxation with contractions
Coach
Aids the mother in the delivery room Provides social support to mother during labor
Doula
Experienced female companion provides continuous emotional support during labor Fewer cesarean deliveries, less anesthesia, and shorter, less painful labors

Chapter 4
What is the C-section?

Cesarean Section
Delivered by abdominal surgery
Physicians prefer C-section to vaginal delivery

Mothers small pelvis Maternal weakness or fatigue Baby is too large Baby is in distress
May be used to bypass infections in birth canal from HIV or Herpes

Chapter 4
How Can a Woman Decide to Deliver Her Baby?

Diversity of birthing options All-in-one labor, delivery, recovery, and postpartum rooms (LDRPs)
Birthing suite in hospital equipped for uncomplicated birth Easy access to emergency facilities if needed
Home Birth
Can be fairly safe for healthy women with little risk of complications

Chapter 4
Birth Problems

Chapter 4
What are the Effects of Oxygen Deprivation at Birth?

Hypoxia - Prenatal oxygen deprivation
can impair development of central nervous system and psychological disorders
Anoxia - Oxygen deprived at birth

predicted problems in learning and memory can cause health problems such as early-onset schizophrenia and cerebral palsy

Chapter 4
What is Meant by the Terms Prematurity and Low Birth Weight?

Premature or preterm baby
Occurs before 37 weeks gestation (normal is 40 weeks)
Low-birth-weight baby
Weighs less than 5.5 pounds
Small for date

Low-birth-weight, although born at full term

Chapter 4
What Risks are Connected with being Born Prematurely or Low in Birth Weight?
Infant mortality
Neonates weighing 3.25 to 5.5 pounds are 7 times more likely to die than infants of normal weight Those weighing less than 3.3 pounds are nearly 100 times as likely to die
Delayed neurological development

Lower birth weight poorer performance throughout school years
Delayed motor development, such as walking Preschool experience fosters cognitive and social development

Chapter 4
What Signs are Connected with being Born Prematurely or Low in Birth Weight?
Preterm babies show signs of immaturity
relatively thin fine, downy hair (lanugo) oily, white substance on skin (vernix)
Preterms born six weeks or more prior to full term

nipples not yet be emerged testicles of boys not yet descended into scrotum
Muscles immature and reflexes are weak Respiratory distress syndrome

walls of air sacs in lungs stick together

Chapter 4
How are Preterm Infants Treated Following Birth?

Usually remain in hospital incubators
Temperature-controlled environment with protection from infection
Parents often do not treat preterms as well as full term

Less attractive than full-term babies High-pitched, grating cries More irritable
Preterms and parent interaction is less even when they are brought home

Chapter 4
How are Preterm Infants Treated Following Birth?

Interventions for preterm infants
Benefit from external stimulation Massage Kangaroo care
Preterm infants exposed to stimulation

Gain weight more rapidly Show fewer respiratory problems Make greater advances in motor, intellectual, and neurological development than controls

Chapter 4
Developing in a World of Diversity

Maternal Mortality and Infant Mortality Around the World

Chapter 4
The Postpartum Period

Chapter 4
What Kinds of Problems in Mood do Women Experience during Postpartum Period?

Baby blues
Transient about 10 days
Postpartum depression (PPD)

Begins one month after delivery and may linger for weeks/months Major depressive disorder Psychotic features

Chapter 4
How Critical is Parental Interaction with Neonates in the Formation of Bonds of Attachment?
Bonding
Formation of bonds of attachment between parent and child Essential to survival and well being of child
Maternal sensitive period

Amount of access to newborn (Klaus & Kennell, 1978) Extended early contact is not essential for adequate bonding

Chapter 4
Characteristics of Neonates

Chapter 4
How do Health Professionals Assess the Health of Neonates?

Apgar scale
Based on five signs of health Interpretation of scores
7 or above no danger below 4 critical condition
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

Based on four areas of behaviors Measures reflexes, motor behavior and muscle tone

Chapter 4
What are Reflexes?

Reflexes
Simple, unlearned stereotypical responses, elicited by certain types of stimulation Survival value Neural functioning is determined by testing reflex

Chapter 4
What Kinds of Reflexes are Shown by Neonates?

Rooting
Baby turns head and mouth toward stimulus that strokes the cheek, chin, or corner of mouth Facilities finding mothers nipple for sucking
Sucking
Babies will suck almost any object that touches the lips Will become replaced by voluntary sucking

Chapter 4

Moro or startle reflex
Back arches, legs and arms are flung out and then brought back toward chest into a hugging motion Occurs when babys position is suddenly changes or health and neck support is lost Elicited by loud noises or bumping baby Usually lost 6 to 7 months after birth

Chapter 4

Grasping or palmar reflex
Using four fingers, babies grasp fingers/objects pressed against the palms of their hands Most babies can support their own weight Usually lost by 3 to 4 months Replaced by voluntary grasping at 5 to 6 months

Chapter 4

Stepping reflex
Mimic walk when held under arms Usually disappears by 3 or 4 months

Chapter 4

Babinski reflex
Fans or spreads toes in response to stroking foot Usually disappears at end of first year
Tonic-neck reflex
While lying on back, baby turns head to one side. Arm and leg on that side extend, while opposite side flex.

Chapter 4
Vision
Visual acuity
Estimate of 20/600 Best see objects 7 to 9 inches from eyes Lack peripheral vision of older child Able to track movement within one day of birth
preference for moving objects

Chapter 4
A Closer Look
Studying Visual Acuity in Neonates: How Well Can They See?

Chapter 4
Vision
Visual accommodation
Self-adjustments made by eye lens to bring objects into focus Neonates show little or no visual accommodation
Focus on objects 7 to 9 inches away
Convergence
Does not occur until 7 or 8 weeks

Chapter 4
Hearing
Fetuses respond to sound Neonates respond to amplitude and pitch Show preference for mothers voice Responsive to sounds and rhythms of speech
Show no preference for specific languages

Chapter 4
Smell and Taste

Smell
Well developed at birth Demonstrate aversion for noxious and preference for pleasant odors Recognize familiar odors
Taste
Sensitive to different tastes Demonstrate facial expressions to basic tastes Prefer sweet tastes

Chapter 4
Touch and Pain

Touch
Sensitive to touch Touch elicits many reflex behaviors
Pain
Less sensitive to pain

Chapter 4
Learning
Or Really Early Childhood Education

Chapter 4
Can Neonates Learn?

Classical Conditioning
Involuntary responses are conditioned to a new stimuli
Operant Conditioning
Behavior (reflexes) are modified through reinforcement

Chapter 4
What Patterns of Sleep are Found among Neonates?

Neonates spend about 16 hours per day in sleep
Typical infants has six cycles of waking and sleeping
REM Sleep
Neonates spend 50% time in REM sleep Decreases in percentage of REM
6 months 30% 2 to 3 years 20 to 25%
NREM Sleep

Chapter 4
Figure 4.15 REM Sleep and Non-REM Sleep

Chapter 4
Why do Babies Cry?

Pain and discomfort Universal, expressive and functional communication
expressive response to unpleasant feelings stimulates caregiver response
Distinct causes and patterns of cries

Hunger, anger, pain Peaks of crying in late afternoon and early evening
Crying produces physiological response in others

Chapter 4
What Can I do to Stop an Infant from Crying?

Sucking serves as a built-in tranquilizer
Pacifier, sweet solutions
Soothing processes
Pick baby up, patting, caressing, rocking them Speaking to them in low voice

Chapter 4
What is SIDS?
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome crib death
Strikes while the baby is sleeping Most common cause of death in infants between 1 and 12 months Most likely to occur between 2 and 5 months
Period when reflexive behavior is weakening
Causes of SIDS remains obscure

Chapter 4
What are the Risk Factors for SIDS?

SIDS is most common among
babies aged 2 to 4 months babies put to sleep on their stomach premature and low-birth-weight babies males lower SES African Americans babies of teenage mothers babies of mothers who smoked or used narcotics during pregnancy

Chapter 4

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 4

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A.

Chapter 4 Birth and the Newborn Baby: In the New World

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

Birth and the Newborn Baby: Truth or Fiction?

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

Birth and the Newborn Baby: Truth or Fiction?

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

Birth and the Newborn Baby: Truth or Fiction?

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

Birth and the Newborn Baby: Truth or Fiction?

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

What Events Occur just prior to the Beginning of Childbirth?

Blood spotting in vaginal secretions

Rush of amniotic fluid from vagina

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

What Events Occur just prior to the Beginning of Childbirth?

As labor progresses, oxytocin is released

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

What Happens during the First Stage of Childbirth?

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

What Happens during the First Stage of Childbirth?

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

Figure 4.1 The Stages of Childbirth

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

What Happens during the Second Stage of Childbirth?

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

Lessons in Observation: Birth

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

Lessons in Observation: Birth

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

Lessons in Observation: Birth

What does the acronym APGAR stand for?

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

Lessons in Observation: Birth

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

Lessons in Observation: Birth

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

What Happens during the Second Stage of Childbirth?

Umbilical cord is clamped and severed Newborn may be removed

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

What Happens during the Third Stage of Childbirth?

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

How is Anesthesia Used in Childbirth?

Negative effects of general anesthesia

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

What is Prepared Childbirth?

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

What is the C-section?

Physicians prefer C-section to vaginal delivery

May be used to bypass infections in birth canal from HIV or Herpes

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

How Can a Woman Decide to Deliver Her Baby?

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

What are the Effects of Oxygen Deprivation at Birth?

Anoxia - Oxygen deprived at birth

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

What is Meant by the Terms Prematurity and Low Birth Weight?

Small for date

Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, Second Edition, Spencer A. Rathus

Delayed neurological development