WELCOME TO LIME LITE

The journey of light?

15th 19th 20th century...

HID Efficacy Im/W Efficacy (relative)

1 10 15

LED

70 100 70 100 Target >50

<1%

5 9%

25 30% 30 35%

Target 20 30%

What Is A Light Emitting Diode

BASIC LED IS A FORWARD-BIASED P/N JUNCTION

The basic starting material is a substrate. On this, a very thin layer (called the epilayer) is formed by a process known as EPITAXY.
Electrons and holes are injected into the P- and N- semiconductor materials respectively Injected minority charges recombine with majority charges in the depletion zone With certain semiconductor compounds (from III and V in the Periodic Table), this recombination results in photon generation of of a specific frequency (colour)

Close-up view of a light emitting diode in a T-1 (5mm) radial package. The emissive semiconductor is the small rectangle in the center, attached to electrical leads and encased in a lens.

Diagram of an LED in a T-1 (5mm) radial package

Internal Construction of an LED

Opto-electrical properties of LEDs(1)

DRIVE CONDITIONS: Similar to other silicon or germanium diodes; similar electrical parameters such as:

TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE

-- All parameters are measured at 25C

-- DERATING FACTOR AT HIGHER TEMPERATURE

-- Heat generated at P and N ohmic contacts, but max. at P-N junction (Tj). Dissipation only by conducting leads -- path of least resistance. Excessive heat (more than 130C for AlInGaP) results in shorter life, faster light degradation, and change in VF and IV.

Opto-electrical properties of LEDs(2)

Viewing Angle (2) Double the angle of the limit where intensity decreases to half

the axial value Narrow angle <20, Wide angle>60.

Peak Wavelength wavelength of maximum intensity Dominant Wavelength represents hue as per CIE chromaticity Diagram (important by white) Chromaticity co-ordinates (for white): X & Y co-ordinates on chromaticity diagram Colour Temperature: Equivalent colour of black body at that temperature in degrees Kelvin Warm white -- 2700 - 3000K; Daylight 6500K

Opto-electrical properties of LEDs (3)

Colour Rendering Index (CRI)
Colour rendering of objects with particular light Preferred -- more than 90% Lately considered unsuitable indicator Catastrophic failure unusual, and therefore MTBF very high (in millions

LIFE (hours)

of hours) Useful Life considered at limit when light depreciates to 50% of initial Life affected by Ambient temperature Electrical current surges Chemical reaction with epoxy encapsulant UV radiation (solar UVA and UVB) Humidity and moisture

Useful life stated up to 100,000 hours till last decade now may exceed 250,000 hours

LED Control Circuits(1)

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS Design current should be 50%-60% of max. forward current for

the type of LED being used

Derating factor with temperature should be taken into account Current change with voltage fluctuation (as in battery charge

supply) should be kept within a safe limit as to prevent temperature rise of LEDs

Circuit enclosure should be designed to dissipate the heat so

PIV protection to be provided

LED Control Circuits(2)

CIRCUITS

1. RESISTIVE CIRCUIT (AC/DC): Resistance drops the voltage and

current to the desired value

LED Control Circuits(3)

CIRCUITS

2. REACTIVE IMPEDANCE CIRCUIT (AC ONLY): Using capacitive

impedance with a fixed frequency -- Current control with least power consumption -- Minimal heat dissipation -- Improved leading power factor

PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES Initial charging current may damage LED Fuse for protection of external equipment Low voltage glow protection in certain applications Surge/spike transient protection by MOVs, etc

MOV
FUSE

LVGP

LED Control Circuits(3)

CIRCUITS

2. REACTIVE IMPEDANCE CIRCUIT (AC ONLY): Using capacitive

impedance with a fixed frequency -- Current control with least power consumption -- Minimal heat dissipation -- Improved leading power factor

PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES Initial charging current may damage LED Fuse for protection of external equipment Low voltage glow protection in certain applications Surge/spike transient protection by MOVs, etc

c MOV LVGP

FUSE

WHY LEDs FAIL(1)

USE OF REJECTED LEDs AVAILABLE IN THE LOCAL MARKET (Manufacturers reject LEDs due to defects in the bonding process)

IDEAL BONDING: 50% of the diameter of the gold wire is embedded in the semiconductor
LEDs HAVING HIGH VF DUE TO CONTACT RESISTANCE AS A RESULT OF INSUFFICIENT BONDING: Such defective LEDs have a higher voltage drop and fail due to overheating LEDs HAVING HIGH Ir: DUE TO EXCESSIVE BONDING (right through the semiconductor): Such defective LEDs will begin degrading in light output and generally fail within six months of operation

Gold Wire Semiconductor

IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE THAT EITHER OF THE ABOVE DEFECTS WILL CAUSE EVENTUAL FAILURE OVER A PERIOD OF TIME (NOT NECESSARILY IMMEDIATELY)

WHY LEDs FAIL(2)

NOISY LINE CONDITIONS, SPARKING IN THE LINE, EMI/RFI, LINE SURGES DUE TO HEAVY MACHINERY OPERATION OR THE EFFECT OF LIGHTNING:

Heavy Current Surges and Spikes Generated Due to Above Can Damage the LED Chips and Lead to Light Degradation
LEDs WITH LOWER LIGHT INTENSITY: Due To Bad Chip Centering, Defective Or Bad Encapsulation Of Epoxy, Cracked Epoxy BAD DRIVER CIRCUIT DESIGN: Improper And Technically Unsound Circuit Design And High Drive Current Can Cause Premature Failure Of LED EXCESSIVE HEAT: Deformation of epoxy encapsulation leads to optical distortion and permanent fresnel light loss INCORRECT ASSEMBLY PROCEDURE Excessive Soldering During Assembly Damages the LED Improper Bending Of LED Leads During Assembly Causes Stress In The

Lead Frame

THESE DEFECTS SHOW UP NOT IMMEDIATELY BUT LATER AS A LATENT FIELD FAILURE.

WHY LEDs FAIL(3)

LONG TERM EXPOSURE TO CONDENSING MOISTURE: This Can Cause The

Epoxy Encapsulation To Deteriorate. Which Will Lead To Catastrophic Failure Protectors Can Damage LEDs

INADEQUATE PROTECTION DEVICES: Improper Selection of Surge

USE OF COMPONENTS OF INAPPROPRIATE QUALITY: Can Also Cause

Damage to LEDs, Leading to Subsequent Failure of LED

Colour spectrum of LEDs

White Blue
Blue (InGaN) 470nm W = White (GaN) (x=0.32/y=0.31) W = White (InGaN) (x=0.32/y=0.31)

Yellow
Yellow (AlInGaP) 587nm

Blue (GaN)

466nm
0,9

Colour triangle

Orange
Orange (AlInGaP) 605nm

Green
Blue-Green (InGaN) 505nm True Green (InGaN) Pure Green (GaP) Green (GaP:N) 525nm

0,8

0,7

0,6

green yellow white blue red

Amber
Amber (AlInGaP) 615nm

0,5

0,4

560nm 570nm

0,3

Red
Super-Red (AlInGaP) 630nm

0,2

0,1

0 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8

White LEDs

Colour rendering: ~ 80% Colour temperature: > 6000 K

Blue LED + phosphor = white LED

LUMINIARE EFFICIENCY
Luminiare

upto 90%.

efficiency of LED is very high

Filament

lamps, CFLs, fluorescent tubes, metal halides are 360degrees emitters which rely on reflectors to reflect back the light.

Luminiare

efficiency of these light sources is low only about 50%, the rest is absorbed in the luminiare.

Application Efficiency Luminous efficacy is an important indicator of energy efficiency, but it doesnt tell the whole story, particularly with regard to directional light sources. Due to the directional nature of their light emission, LEDs potentially have higher application efficiency than other light sources in certain lighting applications. Fluorescent and standard bulb shaped incandescent lamps emit light in all directions. Much of the light produced by the lamp is lost within the fixture, reabsorbed by the lamp, or escapes from the fixture in a direction that is not useful for the intended application. For many fixture types, including recessed downlights, troffers, and under-cabinet fixtures, it is not uncommon for 40-50% of the total light output of the lamp(s) to be lost before it exits the fixture. LEDs emit light in a specific direction, reducing the need for reflectors and diffusers that can trap light, so well-designed fixtures and systems using LEDs can potentially deliver light more efficiently to the intended location.

LED DOWNLIGHTERS

TO REPLACE

CFL.

Today, with higher improved LED technology we are able to replace a 36W CFL with a 12W LED downlighter, saving 70% energy. Newer micro-optic Holographic technology allows use of Micro-lens films to remove glare with minimal light loss. Product life 10- 15years. Zero maintenance.