Magnetism Tuesday, February 22, 2011

Announcements

Magnetic Fields
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Magnets cause space to be modified in their vicinity, forming a magnetic field. The magnetic field caused by magnetic poles is analogous to the electric field caused by electric poles or charges. The north pole is where the magnetic field lines leave the magnet, and the south pole is where they reenter. Magnetic field lines differ from electric field lines in that they are continuous loops with no beginning or end.

Magnetic Field, B

More Magnetic Fields

Compasses
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If they are allowed to select their own orientation, magnets align so that the north pole points in the direction of the magnetic field. Compasses are magnets that can easily rotate so that they can align themselves to a magnetic field. The north pole of the compass points in the direction of the magnetic field.

Sample Problem
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A compass points to the Earths South Magnetic Pole (which is near the North Pole). Is the North Magnetic Pole the north pole of the Earths Magnetic Field?

Magnetic Monopoles
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Do not exist!
This is another way that magnetic fields differ from electric fields. Magnetic poles cannot be separated from each other in the same way that electric poles (charges) can be.

Units of Magnetic Field

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Tesla (SI)
N/(C m/s) N/(A m)

Gauss
1 Tesla = 104 gauss

Magnetic Force on Particles

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Magnetic fields cause the existence of magnetic forces. A magnetic force is exerted on a particle within a magnetic field only if
the particle has a charge. the charged particle is moving with at least a portion of its velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field.

Magnetic Force on a Charged Particle

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magnitude: F = qvBsin
q: charge in Coulombs v: speed in meters/second B: magnetic field in Tesla : angle between v and B

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direction: Right Hand Rule FB = q v x B (This is a vector cross product)

The Right Hand rule to Determine a Vector Cross Product

1. 2.

3.

Align your thumb along the velocity vector. Orient your index finger so that it points in the direction of the magnetic field. Your palm faces the direction of the force vector (which is the result).

Sample Problem
Calculate the magnitude force exerted on a 3.0 C charge moving north at 300,000 m/s in a magnetic field of 200 mT if the field is directed a) North. b) South. c) East. d) West.

Sample Problem
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Calculate the magnitude and direction of the magnetic force. v = 300,000 m/s 34o q = 3.0C B = 200 mT

Wednesday, February 23, 2011

Motion of Charged Particles in Magnetic Field

Magnetic forces
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are always orthogonal (at right angles) to the plane established by the velocity and magnetic field vectors. can accelerate charged particles by changing their direction. can cause charged particles to move in circular or helical paths.

Magnetic forces cannot...

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change the speed or kinetic energy of charged particles. do work on charged particles.

Magnetic Forces
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are centripetal. Remember that centripetal acceleration is v2/r. Remember centripetal force is therefore mv2/r.

Magnetic Forces are Centripetal

F = ma FB = Fc qvBsin = mv2/r qB = mv/r q/m = v/(rB)
V

V V F F V F F

Sample Problem
What is the orbital radius of a proton moving at 20,000 m/s perpendicular to a 40 T magnetic field?

Sample Problem
What must be the speed of an electron if it is to have the same orbital radius as the proton in the magnetic field described in the previous problem?

Thursday, February 24 , 2011

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Electric and Magnetic Fields Together At Last

Sample Problem
An electric field of 2000 N/C is directed to the south. A proton is traveling at 300,000 m/s to the west. What is the magnitude and direction of the force on the proton? Describe the path of the proton? Ignore gravitational effects.

Sample Problem
A magnetic field of 2000 mT is directed to the south. A proton is traveling at 300,000 m/s to the west. What is the magnitude and direction of the force on the proton? Describe the path of the proton? Ignore gravitational effects.

Sample Problem
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Calculate the force and describe the path of this electron.

e-

300,000 m/s

E = 2000 N/C

Sample Problem
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Calculate the force and describe the path of this electron.

e300,000 m/s

B = 2000 mT

Sample problem
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How would you arrange a magnetic field and an electric field so that a charged particle of velocity v would pass straight through without deflection?

Electric and Magnetic Fields Together

e-

v = E/B

Sample Problem
It is found that protons traveling at 20,000 m/s pass undeflected through the velocity filter below. What is the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field between the plates?

20,000 m/s

0.02 m

400 V

Friday, February 25, 2011

Magnetic Force on Current Carrying Wires

Magnetic Force on CurrentCarrying Wire

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F = I L B sin
I: current in Amps L: length in meters B: magnetic field in Tesla : angle between current and field

Sample Problem
What is the force on a 100 m long wire bearing a 30 A current flowing north if the wire is in a magnetic field (directed into the page) of 400 mT?

Sample Problem
What is the magnetic field strength if the current in the wire is 15 A and the force is downward and has a magnitude of 40 N/m? What is the direction of the current?

Magnetic Fields
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Affect moving charge

F = qvBsin F = ILBsin Hand rule is used to determine direction of this force.

Caused by moving charge!

Magnetic Field for Long Straight Wire

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B = oI / (2r)
o: 4 10-7 T m / A
magnetic permeability of free space

I: current (A) r: radial distance from center of wire (m)

Right Hand Rule for straight currents

1. 2.

3. 4.

Curve your fingers Place your thumb (which is presumably pretty straight) in direction of current. Curved fingers represent curve of magnetic field. Field vector at any point is tangent to field line.

For straight currents

Sample Problem
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What is the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at point P, which is 3.0 m away from a wire bearing a 13.0 Amp current?

P I = 13.0 A

3.0 m

Monday, February 28, 2011

Superposition in Magnetic Fields

Principle of Superposition
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When there are two or more currents forming a magnetic field, calculate B due to each current separately and then add them together using vector addition.

Sample Problem
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What is the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field at point P if there are two wires producing a magnetic field at this point?

I = 10.0 A

4.0 m
P I = 13.0 A

3.0 m

Sample Problem
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Where is the magnetic field zero?

I = 10.0 A

7.0 m
I = 13.0 A

Sample Problem not in notes

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What is the magnitude and direction of the force exerted on a 100 m long wire that passes through point P which bears a current of 50 amps in the same direction?

I2 = 50.0 A P I1 = 13.0 A

3.0 m

Tuesday, March 1, 2011

Loops of Wire / Solenoids

In the 4th Grade

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You learned that coils with current in them make magnetic fields. The iron nail was not necessary to cause the field; it merely intensified it.

Solenoid
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A solenoid is a coil of wire. When current runs through the wire, it causes the coil to become an electromagnet. Air-core solenoids have nothing inside of them. Iron-core solenoids are filled with iron to intensify the magnetic field.

Right Hand Rule for magnetic fields around curved wires

1. 2.

3.

4.

Curve your fingers. Place them along wire loop so that your fingers point in direction of current. Your thumb gives the direction of the magnetic field in the center of the loop, where it is straight. Field lines curve around and make complete loops.

Magnetic Field around Curved Current

B

Sample Problem
What is the direction of the magnetic field produced by the current I at A? At B?

I
B A

Magnetic Flux

Magnetic Flux
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The product of magnetic field and area. Can be thought of as a total magnetic effect on a coil of wire of a given area.

B A

Maximum Flux
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The area is aligned so that a perpendicular to the area points parallel to the field

Minimum Flux
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The area is aligned so that a perpendicular to the area points perpendicular to the field

Intermediate Flux
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The area is neither perpendicular nor is it parallel

Magnetic Flux
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B = B A cos

B = B A

B: magnetic flux in Webers (Tesla meters2) B: magnetic field in Tesla A: area in meters2. : the angle between the area and the magnetic field.

Sample Problem
Calculate the magnetic flux through a rectangular wire frame 3.0 m long and 2.0 m wide if the magnetic field through the frame is 4.2 mT. a) Assume that the magnetic field is perpendicular to the area vector. b) Assume that the magnetic field is parallel to the area vector. c) Assume that the angle between the magnetic field and the area vector is 30o.

Sample Problem
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Assume the angle is 40o, the magnetic field is 50 mT, and the flux is 250 mWb. What is the radius of the loop?

Wednesday, March 2, 2011

Faradays Law of Induction

Induced Electric Potential

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A system will respond so as to oppose changes in magnetic flux. A change in magnetic flux will be partially offset by an induced magnetic field whenever possible. Changing the magnetic flux through a wire loop causes current to flow in the loop. This is because changing magnetic flux induces an electric potential.

Faradays Law of Induction

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= -NB/t
: induced potential (V) N: # loops B: magnetic flux (Webers, Wb) t: time (s)

A closer look
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= -B/t = -(BAcos)/t
To generate voltage
Change B Change A Change

Sample Problem
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A coil of radius 0.5 m consisting of 1000 loops is placed in a 500 mT magnetic field such that the flux is maximum. The field then drops to zero in 10 ms. What is the induced potential in the coil?

Sample Problem
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A single coil of radius 0.25 m is in a 100 mT magnetic field such that the flux is maximum. At time t = 1.0 seconds, field increases at a uniform rate so that at 11 seconds, it has a value of 600 mT. At time t = 11 seconds, the field stops increasing. What is the induced potential A) at t = 0.5 seconds? B) at t = 3.0 seconds? C) at t = 12 seconds?

Lenzs Law
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The current will flow in a direction so as to oppose the change in flux. Use in combination with hand rule to predict current direction.

Sample Problem
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The magnetic field is increasing at a rate of 4.0 mT/s. What is the direction of the current in the wire loop?

Sample Problem
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The magnetic field is increasing at a rate of 4.0 mT/s. What is the direction of the current in the wire loop?

Sample Problem
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The magnetic field is decreasing at a rate of 4.0 mT/s. The radius of the loop is 3.0 m, and the resistance is 4 . What is the magnitude and direction of the current?

Monday, March 6, 2011

Motional EMF

Motional emf
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= BLv
B: magnetic field (T) L: length of bar moving through field v: speed of bar moving through field.

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Bar must be cutting through field lines. It cannot be moving parallel to the field. This formula is easily derivable from Faradays Law of Induction

Motional emf - derivation

s s s s s

= B/t = (BA) /t (assume cos = 1) = (BLx) /t = BLx /t = BLv

Sample Problem
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How much current flows through the resistor? How much power is dissipated by the resistor?

50 cm

B = 0.15 T

v= 2m/s

Sample Problem
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In which direction is the induced current through the resistor (up or down)?

50 cm

B = 0.15 T

v= 2m/s

Sample Problem
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Assume the rod is being pulled so that it is traveling at a constant 2 m/s. How much force must be applied to keep it moving at this constant speed?

50 cm

B = 0.15 T

v= 2m/s