Chapter 5

Integumentary System

I. Introduction
A. Organs are composed of two or more kinds of tissues B. Largest organ of the body is the skin (Integumentary System includes skin, hair, nails & glands)

II. Functions of the Integumentary System

A. Protection = skin protects against abrasion, UV light, microorganisms, dehydration B. Sensation = sensory receptors detect heat, cold, touch, pressure, & pain C. Vitamin D production = skin produces a molecule that can be transformed into vitamin D when exposed to UV light D. Regulates body temperature = body temperature controlled by blood flow through skin and sweat gland activity E. Excretion = small amounts of waste lost through skin/gland secretions

III. Layers of the Integument A. Hypodermis (under + skin) or Subcutaneous (below + skin)
1. 2. 3. 4. Attaches skin to underlying bone and muscle Supplies skin with blood vessels & nerves Not part of the skin Composed of loose connective & adipose tissue a. Padding & insulation b. Sex differences c. Total body fat estimates made from pinching hypodermis 5. Site of subcutaneous injections

B. Skin = Dermis + epidermis

Dermis = layer of dense connective tissue Epidermis = (upon the dermis) layer of epithelial tissue resting on dermis
a. Hypodermis = foundation of house b. Dermis = house c. Epidermis = roof

1. Dermis
a. Connects epidermis to underlying connective tissue b. Composed of collagen, elastic fibers, fibroblasts, fat cells, & macrophages (fewer fat cells & blood vessels than hypodermis) i. Collagen fiber orientation can either resists or be susceptible to stretching (cleavage/tension lines) Figure 5.2

c. Nerve endings, hair follicles, smooth muscle, glands, lymphatic vessels extend into dermis (Figure 5.1) d. Dermal papillae = projections into upper dermis extending toward epidermis; contain many blood vessels (Fig. 5.3a) i. Supply epidermis with nutrients ii. Remove waste iii. Regulate body temperature iv. Found in hands & feet fingerprints/ridges for friction and grip Dermis is part of animal hide used in making leather Site of injections like TB test

2. Epidermis (upon + skin)

a. Prevents water loss, injury, entrance of harmful chemicals b. Composed of stratified squamous epithelium c. During migration from deep to superficial cells change in shape and chemical composition i. Keratinization = cells fill with keratin Cells die and form protective layer resisting abrasion & forming permeability layer

d. Epidermis is stratified (strata = layer) (Fig. 5b) i. Stratum basale = base layer Cuboidal or columnar cells mitosis every 19 days ii. Intermediate strata iii. Stratum corneum = horny layer Mos superficial Dead, squamous cells filled with keratin Coated/surrounded by lipids, prevent fluid loss 25+ layers of dead cells joined by desmosomes Calluses (hard skin) = increase in number of layers in stratum corneum due to friction Corn = similar reaction as callus, just over a bony prominence

3. Skin color (Pigments in the Epidermis) a. Determined by pigments in skin, blood circulating in skin, thickness of stratum corneum b. Melanin (black) = group of pigments determining color of skin, hair, and eyes i. Usually brown to black, sometimes yellowish or reddish ii. Melanocytes (black cell) Golgi bodies in melanocytes package melanin into melanosomes, then phagocytized by epithelial cells

Large amounts of melanin in freckles, moles, genitalia, nipples, areolas Less melanin in lips, palms, soles Racial variations due to amount, kind, and distribution of melanin All races have ~same number of melanocytes Melanin production determined by genetic factors, light exposure, hormones
1. 2. 3. Albinism = recessive gene for deficiency/absence of melanin UV exposure stimulates melanin production = suntan Pregnancy darker nipples and areolas, genitalia, cheekbones, forehead, chest, midline

c.

Cyanosis (dark blue color) = decrease in blood oxygen d. Birthmarks = congenital disorders of capillaries in the dermis e. Carotene = yellow pigment in carrots and squash, lipid soluble Vitamin A
1. Accumulates in lipids of stratum corneum & fat in dermis and hypodermis = yellow tinted skin

IV. Accessory Skin Structures

A. Hair 1. Characteristic of all mammals a. Thick hair = fur 2. Hair anatomy: a. Hair shaft = portion of hair above skin surface b. Hair root = portion of hair below skin surface c. Hair bulb = base of hair root d. Medulla= center of hair e. Cortex (bark) = surrounds the medulla f. Cuticle (skin) = single layer of overlapping cells holding hair follicle g. Hair follicle = extension of epidermis deep into dermis i. Plays role in tissue repair

3.
a.

Hair growth:
Cyclic: growth stage + resting stage i. Hair bulb produces hair; nourished by blood vessels ii. Epithelial cells undergo keratinization in hair bulb; cells are added to base of hair hair growth iii. Growth stops during resting stage iv. Next growth stage causes hair to fall out
Hair Type Eyelash Scalp i. Growth Stage 30 days 3 years Resting Stage 105 days 1-2 years

Pattern baldness permanent loss of hair

4.
a.

Hair color determined by varying amounts & types of melanin

Melanin production decreases with age = gray/white

B. Muscles
1. Arrector pili (that which raises, hair) = contraction of these muscles cause hair to stand on end goosebumps
a. Composed of smooth muscle b. Evolutionary advantage in mammals traps air (heat) for insulation, also look larger - intimidation

C. Glands
1. Sebaceous glands a. Simple, branched acinar/alveolar b. Produce sebum oily substance lubricating hair & skin surface, preventing drying out & bacterial infection

C. Glands, continued
2.
a.

Sweat glands (two types):

Merocrine sweat glands i. Simple, coiled tubular w/ ducts opening to skin surface ii. Every part of skin, most abundant in palms/soles iii. Produce sweat: slightly salty water-based secretion Evaporative cooling Emotional stress produces sweat in palms, soles, axillae (used in lie detector tests!) b. Apocrine sweat glands i. Simple, coiled tubular with ducts opening into hair follicles of axillae & genitalia Become active at puberty due to sex hormone influence ii. Secretes thick organic substances Broken down by bacteria = body odor

D. Nails
1. distal ends of digits of primates 2. Nail = thin, horny plate at end of fingers and toes, consisting of several layers of dead epithelial cells (stratum corneum) containing a hard keratin 3. Nail anatomy: a. Nail body = visible part of nail b. Nail root = part of nail covered by skin c. Eponychium or cuticle (upon + nail) = stratum corneum extending onto nail body d. Nail bed = nail root and nail body attach to this e. Nail matrix = proximal portion of nail bed w/o nail root attached i. Produces cells that result in nail growth ii. Nails grow continuously f. Lunula = whitish, crescent-shape at base of nail

V. Physiology of the Integumentary System

A. Protection 1. Prevents water loss (lipids) 2. Prevents entry of microorganisms/foreign substances (secretions & skin) 3. Protects against abrasion (stratified squamous epithelium) 4. Protects against UV light damage (melanin) 5. Hair: insulation (head), keeps foreign objects/microorganisms/sweat out (eyelashes, eyebrows, nose & ear hairs) 6. Damage protection/defense (nails)

V. Physiology of the Integumentary System, cont.

B. Sensation 1. Nervous receptors in dermis & epidermis (pain, heat, cold, pressure) C. Vitamin D Production 1. Vitamin D precursor made in skin, modified by liver, sent to kidney were becomes vitamin D 2. Required for calcium & phosphate absorption in intestines D. Temperature Regulation 1. Necessary for enzyme function 2. Blood vessels (arterioles) in dermis dilate to lose heat, constrict to keep it in E. Excretion 1. Removal of waste products from the body small role 2. Sweat: water, salts, urea, uric acid, ammonia

VI. Integumentary System as a Diagnostic Aid

Cyanosis = skin appears bluish, low oxygen in blood (indicates impaired circulatory or respiratory function) Jaundice = skin appears yellowish, liver damage causes bile pigment buildup Rashes, lesions, vitamin deficiencies, iron deficiencies

A.
1.

Burns
Partial-thickness burns part of stratum basale viable a. First-degree burns involves epidermis, red, painful, edema i. Sunburn, quick exposure to hot/cold ii. No scarring, heal quickly b. Second-degree burns destruction of epidermis an dermis, recovery happens from edge of burn c. Full-thickness or third-degree burns i. Painless b/c nervous tissue destroyed ii. Whit, tan, brown, black, or deep cherry red iii. Scarring with disfiguration, extended healing time iv. Skin grafts (self, cadavers, pigs, lab-grown?)

B.

Skin Cancer
1. Most common type of cancer (UV radiation, chemicals, radiation) 2. Basal cell carcinoma stratum basale to dermis forming an open ulcer a. Treatment: surgery or radiation 3. Squamous cell carcinoma cells immediately superficial to stratum basale a. Produce tumors continue dividing, can be fatal 4. Malignant melanoma arise from melanocytes (moles) a. Can be fatal (will metastasize)

VII. Effects of Aging on Integumentary System

a) Diminishing skin function due to compositional and functional changes in its layers Age spot = increase in number of melanocytes in some areas vs. freckles = increase in melanin production

b)