Introduction to Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Prof. dr.ing. Marius Guran

FILS 2010/2011

1.Introduction
Basic notions : -Computer system definition ( Structure, Function ) -Computer organization ( top-down approach: major components, CPU, Control Unit,..) Computer architecture Computer functions : data processing, data storage, data movement, control Functional view of the computer Computer generations based on : *hardware & technology *software Instruction cycle considering IAS structure ( ALU, Control Unit, MM, I/O ) Instruction set for IAS ( symbolic representation ) Program execution (the role of Compiler, Assembler,Link-editor, Loader)

2.The Central Processing Unit ( CPU )

Instruction content required by the CPU for execution: -Operation code -Source operand reference -Result operand reference -Next instruction reference Data on which operate computer instructins : addresses, numbers, characters, logical data Common addressing technics :.. CPU structure and organization, defined by the activity it must do ( fetch instr., interpret instr., fetch data, process data, write data ) The instruction cycle with interrupts The Control Unit ( CU )..: decomposition of the programm The structure of microprogrammed CU. The performance enhencement : innovations ( cache memory, pipelining, multiple processing and parallel org., RISC arch. )

3.Computer Memory System ( CMS )

The definition of CMS : Key characteristics of CMS : Location, Capacity, Performance ( access time, transfer rate, cycle time ), Unit of transfer, Access method, Phisical type..., Cost. The memory hierarchy : how much?, how expensive?, how fast?, in connection with key characteristics ( Registers, Cache Memory, Main Memory, Magnetic Disks and Tapes, Optical Memory, ..) Semiconductor MM ( types, category, write mechanism, volatility ) The MM organization : 2D, 2 1/2D (one-bit-per-chip organization ) Error detection and correction in CMS Cache memory organization Auxiliary storage : magnetic disks and tapes, solid-state devices, mass-storage devices, optical storage technology Back-up storage

4.Input / Output Unit ( I/O )

I/O module definition., and functions : control and timing, CPU communication, external devices communication, data buffering, error detection and correction Exemples of I/O devices and key characteristics. I/O module general stucture The main techniques for I/O operations -with programmed I/O -with interrupt-driven I/O -direct memory access ( DMA ) I/O channels and processors : -selector channel -multiplexor channel -communication channel The external interface, and standards

5.Computer Interconnection Structure (CIS)

The definition for CIS ; computer like a network.. The types of interconnections and exchanges that are needed : -for MM :R, W, Address, Data -for CPU : Instructions, Data, Control signals, Interrupts -for I/O module : R, W, Internal data, External data, Interr. The types of transfers : MM to CPU, CPU to MM, I/O to CPU, CPU to I/O, I/O to or from MM The Central Switch structure and Bus Structure Typical structure and architecture for BUS : -address lines -data lines -control lines The elements of bus design : type, method of arbitration, timing,

6.File organization and data bases

Basic definitions : - file, -record, -field Types of file organization : 1.Sequential..; sequential retrieval and access 2.Indexed.; index; sequential or random access 3.Direct or relative file organization.; sequential or random access Maintaining data in files : adding, changing, deleting. Data base( DB ) and data base management system( DBMS ) : -file oriented systems.( independent files..) -DB oriented systems.( multiple related files) and DBMS Types of DB organization : -Relational DB -Hierarchical DB -Networked DB The features of DBMS DB administration.

7.System software (SS) and application software (AS)

The definitions for application and system software The connection between USER, AS, SS, and Computer Hard.. System software. Operating systems(OS); types of OS : -single programming OS -multiprogramming OS -multiprocessing OS. -virtual machine OS. The functions of OS :allocating system resources, monitoring system activities, executing different utilities... Application software : on the market(general) AS, on request AS The Information Systems and the development life cycle(SDLC)

8.Data communications
Basic components of the communication channels Transmission media for communication channels : twisted pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber optics, microwaves, satellites and earth stations. Characteristics of the communication channels Types of signals used in data transmission Transmission modes and directions of transmission Glogal systems for mobile communicatios( GSM ) Communication equipments and communication software The concept OSI for interconnection of open systems.. Computer networks : -Wide area networks( WAN ) -Local area networks( LAN ) Internet and network services.Intranets/Extranets

9. References
1.Patterson D.A., Hennessy J.L.:Organizarea si proiectarea calculatoarelor. Ed. ALL,Bucuresti, 2002. 2002.Versiunea in l.engleza: Computer Architecture-A Quantative Approach- Ed. Morgan Kaufmann Publ., San Mateo, CA, 1999. 2.Stallings William : Computer organization and Architecture Principles of Structure and Functions. Ed.MacMillan Publ.Comp., N.Y.,2000. 3 Shelly G.B., Cashman Th. J., Waggoner G.A., : Computer Concepts. Ed. Boyd & Fraser Publ. Comp., N.Y., 1998. 4.Orilia L.S. : Computers and Information.McGraww-Hill Book Comp., N.Y.,1996. 5.Oancea Bogdan : Bazele informaticii. Ed. Economica, Bucuresti, 2004. 6.* * * CCNA Basics (CISCO Certified Network Associate Basics).Ed. ALL, Bucuresti, 2005. (www.all.ro). 7.* * * : Setul de carti ECDL (European Computer Driving Licence). Ed. ALL, 2004. 8.Guran Marius : Sisteme informatice Infrastructura informationala si de comunicatii in managementul intreprinderilor moderne(Cap.8 si Cap.9).Ed. AGIR, 2008. 9.Tanenbaum A. : Organizarea structurata a calculatoarelor. Ed.Computer Press Agora, Bucuresti, 2005. 10.Guran Marius :Sructuri de calcul pentru aplicatii industriale.Ed.Printeh, 2001 11.Guran Marius:Sisteme de productie integrate asistate de calculator.Ed. Tehnica,1966 12.* * * Microprocesoare INTEL(hardware si software): http://www.intel.com/Assets/PDF/manual/248966.pdf 13.* * * PC Architecture: www.karbosguide.com

PENTIUM Architecture with two execution units( FP, FLP )

Superscalar structure with 2 execution units Pipelined execution for FLP, detected in the prefetch fase Branch prediction for pipelining computing RISC ( Reduced Instruction Set Computing ) First level Cache Memory ( for instructions and data ), using write-back only with Data cache and write-through with Code/instruction Cache 256 bits connection between Code Cache and prefetch buffers.. 32 bits processors with 64 bits interface, for compatibility 64 bits connection between Data Cache and FLP unit

Instruction Code Cache Memory

256 bits Prefetch Buffers
32 bits
32 bits

Branch prediction

Pipelined Floating Point Unit

Integer
64-bit Interface Bus

Integer

ALU
32 bits Register Set

ALU
32 bits
MUL DIV ADD

Data Cache Memory

Alpha ARCHITECTURE
CPU Module : DECchip 21064 microprocessor ( superscalar dual instruction issue, superpipelined, data and instruction cache, clock generator, integer and FLP registers, transl. buffers ), CPU control logic, second-level cache, and serial line interface for diagnostics(7) System Module : 10-layer board for CPU Module, up to eight SIMM two TURBOchannel option cards, and Integral I/O subsystem Memory : up to 8 SIMMs I/O System : TURBOchannel bus with DMA and parity checking,and Integral I/Osubsystem that contains I/O controllers andassocited connectors (1-SCSI, 2-Ethernet LAN, 3-ISDN, 4-Audio, 5-Serial Communications 0-3

CPU Module

SIMM 3

SIMM 2 SIMM 1 SIMM 0

System Module

TURBOchannel

Integral I/O

1 2

3 4

Corporate Business Server Architecture ( HP 9ooo Model T500 )

Up to12/24 processor modules, each module consists of a CPU chip, I-cache and D-cache ( bandwidth up to 520 Mbytes/sec. ) Up to 8 Memory Modules ( >256MB each) Up to 4 Dual Bus Converters for linking HP Precision Buses, each with up to 14 slots for different devices or LAN connections ( >128 devices..) Processor-Memory Bus, with multiprocessor bus protocol Service Processor Bus Scan Bus, for scan-test each of the VLSI chips and tranceiver group selectively, used as a fault analysis tool Service Processor, for improvement in system hardware availability

A model of a stored program computer