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Semiconductors: metalloids
Band gap
Semiconductor
Bonding in Metals
The electron-sea model is a simple depiction of a metal as an array of positive ions surrounded by delocalized valence electrons.
Metals are good conductors of electricity because of the mobility of these delocalized valence electrons.
A metal also conducts heat well because the mobile electrons can carry additional kinetic energy.
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Bonding in Metals
Bonding in Metals
Molecular orbital theory gives a more detailed picture of the bonding in metals.
Because the energy levels in a metal crowd together into bands, this picture of metal bonding is called band theory.
Bonding in Metals
Molecular orbital theory gives a more detailed picture of the bonding in metals.
According to band theory, the electrons in a crystal become free to move when they are excited to the unoccupied orbitals of a band.
Bonding in Metals
Molecular orbital theory gives a more detailed picture of the bonding in metals.
In a metal, this requires little energy since the unoccupied orbitals lie just above the occupied orbitals of highest energy.
Magnesium
Magnesium
Conduction band: empty
Conductor
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Band gap
Semiconductor
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Allotropes of Carbon
Diamond: high thermal conductivity, extremely strong, insulator Graphite: high thermal conductivity, conductor
electrodes for electrolysis and batteries; essentially pencil lead
Diamond
Diamond has a three-dimensional network structure in which each carbon is singly-bonded to four others with sp3 hybridization. Diamond is a covalent network solid
each carbon covalently bonded to 4 others.
Structure of Diamond
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Diamond
Diamond has a three-dimensional network structure in which each carbon is singly-bonded to four others with sp3 hybridization. Why do diamonds conduct heat?
Metals conduct heat because the the mobile electrons can carry additional kinetic energy. Diamonds are insulators and have no mobile electrons. Diamonds conduct heat through high frequency (= high energy) vibrations that transmit over long distances
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Graphite
Graphite has a layered structure, in which the carbon atoms in each layer bond to three other carbons with sp2 orbitals. Graphites primary use is in the manufacture of electrodes for electrolysis and batteries.
Of the covalent network solids, only graphite conducts electricity. This is due to the delocalization of the resonant 2 electrons in graphitesHoughton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Copyright by sp hybridization.
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Structure of Graphite
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Fullerenes
The fullerenes are a family of molecules with a closed cage of carbon atoms arranged in pentagons and hexagons. Each carbon is sp2 hybridized.
The most symmetrical member is buckminsterfullerene, C60. Buckminsterfullerenes show potential for applications in superconductivity and catalytic activity.
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Buckminsterfullerene
Figure 13.25: A frame model of C60.
By permission of Dr. Richard Smalley, Rice University
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No gap
Conductor
Insulator
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Semiconductor
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Semiconductors
Metalloids: semiconducting elements
low electrical conductivity at room temperature Electrical conductivity increases with temp.
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Semiconductors
Semiconducting elements form the basis of solid state electronic devices.
Metalloids (such as silicon or germanium) are semiconducting elements whose electrical conductivity increases as temperature increases. A striking property of these elements is that their conductivities increase markedly when they are doped with small quantities of other elements.
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Semiconductors
Semiconducting elements form the basis of solid state electronic devices.
When silicon is doped with phosphorus, it becomes an n-type semiconductor, in which electric current is carried by electrons.
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Semiconductors
Semiconducting elements form the basis of solid state electronic devices.
When silicon is doped with boron, it becomes a p-type semiconductor, in which an electrical current is carried by positively charged holes
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Semiconductors
Semiconducting elements form the basis of solid state electronic devices.
Joining a p-type semiconductor to an ntype semiconductor produces a p-n junction, which can function as a rectifier. A rectifier is a device that allows current to flow in one direction, but not the other.
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