2.

2.1.1
a22x2+ a22x 2 + + a2n x n = b2
a x + a x + + a x = b
2
2 2
2
2 2
2n n
2
1.

a n2x2+ a n 2x 2 + + a nn x n = bn

aij ( i , j = 2,2,, n ) ,

bi ( i = 2,2, , n )
2

a22

a 22

a n2

a22
a 22

an 2

a2n b2

a 2n b2

a nn bn

2. A,B,C,D

,
,
A B ,
A B.

.
A

C
D
3

A
B
C
D
2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2

.
4

B
D
A
C

A
B
C
D
.

0, :

1,
5

2.1.2
aij ( i = 2
,2,, m; j = 2
,2,, n )
m
n
m n
a22 a22 a2n
a22 a22 a2n

am 2 am 2 amn
m n . m n .
6

 a22

a 22
A=

a m 2

a22
a 22

am2

a2n

a 2n

a mn

A
( m, n)

A = Amn = ( aij ) mn = ( aij ) .

m nA,.
,
.
7

2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2

2 2 2i
2

2 2 2
2 2 2

2 2 ,

2 2 ,


n A n
(1)
. An .

2 2 2i
2

2 2 2

2 2 2

(2)
a22 a22

a 22 a 22
A=

am2 am2

3 .

a2n

a 2n

a mn

 a22 a22

a22 a22
A=

a
m2 am2

a2n

a2n

amn

A .
0

2 2

2 2

O
2 2

2
O
2

,

(
.

n
10

A = diag ( 2, 2,, n ) .

m
n
4

omn
o

.
2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2 (
)

2
2
2
2
.
2 2 2 2

2 2 2 2

11

(5)

2 2

2 2
E = En =

O
2 2

2
O
2

1. , ,
.
12

2 2 22 2

2 2 2 2 .
2 2 2 2

( bij )
2. A = ( aij )B
,
,
aij = bij ( i = 2
,2,, m; j = 2
,2,, n ) ,
AB , A = B .
13

nx2, x2,, xnm y2, y2,, ym

y2= a22x2+ a22x2+ + a2n xn ,

y = a x + a x ++ a x ,
2 22 2 22 2
2n n

ym = am 2x2+ am 2x2+ + amn xn .

x2, x2,, xn y2, y2,, ym
.
aij.
14

 y2= a22x2+ a22x2+ + a2n xn ,

y = a x + a x ++ a x ,
2 22 2 22 2
2n n

ym = am 2x2+ am 2x2+ + amn xn .

a22 a22

a 22 a 22
A =

a
m2 am2

a2n

a 2n

a mn

15

 .
y2= x2,
y = x ,
2 2

.

yn = xn
y2= x2,
2 2 2

y = x ,
2 2
2 2 2
.

yn = xn
2 2 2
16

2 2 2
A=
,
2 2 2

2 x 2
B=
,
y 2 z

A = B , x , y , z .

A = B,
x = 2, y = 2, z = 2.
17

2.1.3

m
n

A = ( a ij ) , B = ( bij ) ,
A + B
B
A

a22+ b22 a22 + b22

a 22+ b22 a 22 + b22

A+ B =

a m 2+ bm 2 a m 2 + bm 2

a2n + b2n

a 2n + b2n

a mn + bmn
18

2 2 2 2 2 2
2

2 2 2 + 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2

2+ 2 2+ 2 2+ 2 22 2
2

= 2+ 2 2+ 2 2+ 2 = 2 2 2 .
2+ 2 2+ 2 2+ 2 2 2 2

19

(2
) A +B =B +A;
(2
)( A + B ) +C = A +( B +C ).

(2
) A +O = A.

(2
) A + ( A ) = O , A B = A + ( B ).

20

2.1.4
1
AAA ,
a22 a22

a22 a22
A = A =

a m 2 a m 2

a2n

a2n
.

amn
21

,
A
B m n

( 2) ( ) A = ( A) ;
( 2) ( + ) A = A + A;
( 2) ( A + B ) = A + B .
,
.
22

2.1.5

B
= ( bij )
ms
A = ( a ij )

A
B
s
n
m
n
C = ( c ij )

s
c

ij = a i 2b2j + a i 2b2
j + + a is bsj = a
ik bkj
k =2

( i = 2,2,m; j = 2,2,, n ) ,

C = AB .
23

2 2 2 2

2
2

2
2
C =

= ?
2
2 2 22 2 2 22 2 2
22
2

2 2 2 2

A = 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2

2
B=
2

2
2
2
2

2
2

2
24

A = ( aij ) 22,

C = ( cij ) 22.

B = ( bij ) 22,

2
2 2 2 2

2
C = AB = 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2

2 2 2

= 22 2 2.
2 22 22

2
2
2
2

2
2

25

2 2 2

2 2 2
.
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2

2

( 222) 2 = ( 2 2+ 2 2+ 2 2) = ( 22) .
2

26

( 2) ( AB ) C = A( BC ) ;
( 2) A( B + C ) = AB + AC ,

( B + C ) A = BA + CA;

( 2) ( AB ) = ( A) B = A( B )

( 2) AE = EA = A;

(
2) A n A k
A k = A A A

A k

A m A k = A m + k ,( A ) = Amk .

m k

( m , k)
27

2 2
2 2
A=
B=

2 2
2 2
2 2
AB =
,
2 2

2 2
BA =
,
2 2

AB BA.

; , , ,
;
28


2 2
A=
,
2 2

2 2
B=
,
2 2

2 2

AB =
,
2 2

2 2

BA =

2 2

AB = BA.
29

 (1)

AB BA , ( AB) k Ak B k .
(2) AB=O A B
A=(1
-1) B=Tran(1 1) AB=0
(3)

AC = BC (CA = CB ), C O,
A = B ,

.
30

( 2)

2

2 ( 2 2)
2

2 2
2
2

2
2

= 2 2 .
( 2) 2( 2 2) =
2 2 2 2
2
2 2

2 2 2 2

31

 a22 a22 a22 b2

( 2) ( b2b2b2) a22 a22 a22 b2
a a a b
22 22 22 2

a22 a22 a22 b2

( b2b2b2) a22 a22 a22 b2
a a a b
22 22 22 2

b2

=( a22b2 + a22b2+ ab2 a22b2 + a22b2+ ab2 a22b2 + a22b2+ a22b2 b2
b
2
2
2
= a22b22+ a22b2
+ a22b2
+ 2a22b2b2+ 2a22b2b2+ 2a22b2b2.
32

2 2

A = 2 2Ak .
2 2

2 2 2 2

2
A = 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2

2 2 2

2
= 2 2 .
2 2 2

33

 2 2 2
2 2

2
2
2
A = A A= 2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2

2 2

2 2

2
2
= 2
2

2 2 2

2 2
2 2 2 2

2
2
2
2
A = A A= 2
2
2 2

2
2

2
2

2 2
2 22

2
2
= 2
2

2
2 2

34

 2 22 2
2 2 2

2
2
2
2
A = A A= 2
2
2 2

2
2

2
2

2 22 2
22

= 2 2 22

2
2
2

) k 2
k( k 2
k
k 2

k
2

k
k
k 2
A = 2
k

k
2

( k 2)
35

k = 2 .
k = n k = n + 2

) n 2
n
n 2 n( n 2
2 2
n
2

n+ 2
n
n
n 2
A = A A= 2
n
2 2 ,
2 2
2 2
n

36

 n+2

= 2
2

( n + 2)

( n + 2) n

n 2

n+2

2
( n + 2) n

n+2

)
k
k 2 k ( k 2
k 2

k
2

k
k
k 2
A = 2
k
.
k
2

37

2.1.6

A
A
A

.
2 2

T
2 2 2
A = 2 2;
A=
,

2 2
2 2 2

B = ( 22 2) ,

22
B = .
2
T

38

( 2) ( A

T T

= A;

( 2) ( A + B ) = AT + BT ;
T

( 2) ( A) T = AT ;
( 2) ( AB ) T = BT AT .
39

2 2 2
T

2 2 2
A=
, B = 2 2 2 , ( AB ) .
2 2 2
2 2 2

1
2 2 2
2

2 2 2

T
AB =
2 2 2 ( AB) = 22 .
2 2 2

2 22
2
2
2

2 2
=
,
22
40

( AB ) = BT AT
T

2 2 2 2

= 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2

2 2 22

2 = 22 22 .
2 22

41

2
n A
A A
det A.

2 2
A=

2 2

2 2
A=
= 2
.
2 2

T
( 2) A = A ;

( 2) AB = A B ;

( 2) A = n A ;
AB = BA .
42

nA = AT
a ij = a ji ( i , j = 2,2, , n )

A
.

2 2

A = 2 2 2 .
2 2 2

.
AT = A A.
43

X = ( x2, x2,, x
6
n)
T

XT X = 2
,

En, H = E 2XX , H
T

, HH T = E .

H = ( E 2XX ) = E 2( XX
T
= E 2XX = H ,
T T

T T

H.
HH = H = ( E 2XX
T

= E 2XX

) ( E 2XX )( E 2XX )

T 2

+ 2( XX )( XX ) = E 2XX
T

+ 2X ( X X ) X
T

= E 2XX T + 2XX T = E .
44

 7 n A
.

C = A + AT

= (A+ A )

T T

= A + A = C,
T

C .
B = A A ,
T

B = ( A A
T

T T

= AT A = B ,

B .
A+ A
A A
C B
A=
+
= + ,
2
2
2 2
T

.
45


A
Aij

A22 A22

A22 A22

A =

A2n A2n

An2

An 2

Ann

AA = A A = A E .

A = ( aij ) , AA = ( bij ) ,

bij = ai 2A j 2+ ai 2A j 2+ + ain A jn = A ij ,
46


AA
= ( A ij ) = A ( ij ) = A E .

AA = Aki akj = ( A ij ) = A ( ij ) = A E .
k =2

47

2.1.7
(1) m n

a22

a 22
A=

am2

a22
a 22

am2

a2n

a 2n

a mn

48

( m = n);

A = ( a ),

; 2 2 2
(2)
2 2 2
.

;
2 2 2

.
2 2

ij

2 2 2

2 2 n

49

(3)

50

.
2

,
3

. .

51

(4)

AB BA , ( AB) k Ak B k .
(5) AB=O A B

(6)
AC

= AB (CA = CB ), C O,

C = B ,

.
52


ABn,
A2 B 2= ( A + B )( A B )
?

53

2
2
(
)(
)
A + B A B = A + BA AB B ,
2
2
A B = ( A + B )( A B )

AB = BA.

54