GSM TECHNOLOGY - Standards & Implementation

GSM900 DCS1800
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15/7/05

Introduction to Cellular

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Each cell has a Base Station Transceiver ( BTS ) at the chosen site. The location of BTS site depends upon several factors.. 1. Coverage in prime localities / hot spots is the most important criteria in choosing the BTS site. 2. Terrain - Type of buildings in the area to be covered. 3. Availability of proper site - COST factor 4. Availability of open space, power supply , security 5. Nearby installations of Cellular / other transmitters. 6. Access to the network - leased lines / Microwave link / Optical link. "Number of BTS" sites is a measure of the size .

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Cell Configuration

Omni-directional Cell

Sectorial Cell

BTS

BTS

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Frequency Reuse

F= 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10
q q q q

GSM uses concept of cells One cell covers small part of network Network has many cells Frequency used in one cell can be used in another cells This is known as Frequency Re-use F=7

Clusters
F=2 F=7 F=1 F=6,10 F=2 F=3 F=1 F=7 F=4,8 F=5,9 F=6,10 F=5,9 F=1 F=4,8 F=5,9 F=2 F=3 F=4,8 F=3

Co-Channel ( Re-use ) Cells

F=6,10

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GSM Network Architecture

BSC
OML
is Ab
BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS MS BTS BTS BTS

OMC VMSC A
TRAU AUC HLR EIR VLR

MSC

SMSC BC BSC PSTN

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GSM Air Interface

q

Separate Bands for Uplink and Downlink

Down link : 935 - 960 MHz ( E-GSM 925 - 960 MHz ) q Uplink : 890 - 915 MHz ( E-GSM 880 - 915 MHz)
q

TDMA and FDMA Multiplex

124 Frequency Channels (ARFCN) for GSM900 q 1 to 124 for current band q 975 to 1023 for E-GSM q 200kHz Channels q 8 Mobiles share ARFCN by TDMA
q

0.3 GMSK Modulation

q

270.833 kbits/sec. rate

Variable Tx Power and Timing

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Measuring Adjacent Cell BCH Power

DOWNLINK

UPLINK

ADJACENT CELL BCH

RXLEV

RXLEV

RXLEV

RXLEV

RXLEV

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15/7/05

Besides receiving and transmitting information, the mobile must switch frequency and get ready to receive and measure the level of the adjacent cell's broadcast channels. It then reports this (RXLev) information to its own base station in order to establish when a handover is appropriate between cells. Again, information is received on timeslot 2, we switch 45MHz to transmit information and then, need to switch back 45MHz +/- a few MHz to monitor and measure the level of the adjacent cell's broadcast channels. This information will be reported back to the base station at least every 30 seconds so that the base station can determine the appropriate time to do a handoff. The RxLev information is reported back to the base-station on the uplink SACCH (Slow Associated Control CHannel). The mobile uses a list of ARFCN in the BA (Base Allocation) table to know which BCH frequencies to go out and measure. The BA table is coded onto the BCH, and also the downlink SACCH. This is the primary (or non-hopped) mode of operation in the GSM system. If there is an area which has bad multipath, such as urban areas with lots of reflections from buildings, the cell may need to be defined as a hopping cell.

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Mobile Power Control

q q q

Mobile is commanded to change its Transmit Power Change in Power is proportionate to the Path Loss Change is Power is done in steps of 2 dbs

Path Loss Low R XLEV Pwr C omma nd

Tx Level 5 6 7 . 14 15

Power dBm 33 31 29 . 15 13

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Physical and Logical Channel

Physical Channel
TO
ARFCN ( 200Khz )

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T
L o

T
g

T
i c a l C

T
h a n

T
n e l s

Logical Channels
C o n t r o l C

a n

e l

r a f f i c

a n

r o

a d

c a Ds t e Cd

i h c a a n t e n d e C l C o om n m t r oo nl

C C h Fo a un n tl nlr o Re ll a C t e h

HaT nC a n lH f e Rl

a t e

B F S

C C C

C H H

S S F

D A A

C C C

C C C

H H H

P A R C N

A G A B

C H C H C H C H

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Logical Channels
Traffic Channels
Traffic Channels carry either encoded speech or user data q Two forms of Traffic Channels are defined : -- Full rate Traffic Channel : Carries encoded information at gross rate of 22.8Kbps -- Half rate Traffic Channel : Carries encoded information at gross rate of 11.4 Kbps
q

Speech Traffic Channels Full rate Traffic Channel for speech : Speech out of encoded information is at 13 kbps Half rate Traffic Channel for speech : Speech out of encoded information is at 6.5 kbps

Data Traffic Channels Full rate Traffic Channel for 9.6 kbps user data Full rate Traffic Channel for 4.8 kbps user data Full rate Traffic Channel for < 2.4 kbps user data
Traffic Channels Modes q Circuit Switching mode ( transparent connection to a service like telephony ) q Packet Swithching mode ( as per recommendation X.25 or other standardised protocols)

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Logical Channels
Broadcast Channels ( BCH )
Frequency Correction Channels ( FCCH ) : Carries Information for frequency correction of the mobile stations. ( Downlink ) Synchronisation Channels ( SCH ) : Carries information for frame synchronization of the mobile stations and identification of BTS ( Downlink ) Contains two pieces of information : BSIC & Reduced Frame Number * Broadcast Control Channels ( BCCH ) : Broadcasts various cell parameters and other information required by the mobile to access the network. ( Downlink)

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Logical Channels
Common Control Channels
Paging Channel ( PCH ) : Used to page Mobiles ( Downlink ) Access Grant Channel ( AGCH ) : Used to for allocation of a dedicated channel ( SDCCH ) ( Downlink ) Random Access Channel ( RACH ) : Used to request allocation of dedicated channel ( SDCCH ) ( Uplink )

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Logical Channels
Dedicated Control Channels
q

Standalone dedicated control channel ( SDCCH ) : Used for conveying signaling information ( Downlink & Uplink ) Slow Associated Control Channel ( SACCH ) : Used for conveying slow information associated with SDCCH and TCH ( Downlink and Uplink ) Fast Associated Control Channel ( FACCH ) : Associated with TCH for conveying fast signaling information (D&U) Cell Broadcast Control Channel ( CBCH ) : Subset of SDCCH used for broadcasting cell broadcast messages ( Downlink )

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FRAMES
1 Burst = 577usecs

1 TDMA Frame

3 4 5
Multiframe

= 8 bursts = 4.616 ms

0
0 0

23 24

25

1
48 23

48 49

50

1 TCH Multiframe = 26 TF = 120ms

1 CCH Multiframe = 51 TF = 234.6ms

1 1

2 2

49 24

50 25

1 Superframe = 51 TCH MF = 1326 TF = 6.12 sec

1 Superframe = 26 CCH MF = 1326 TF = 6.12 sec

2044 2045 2046

2047

1 Hyperframe = 2048 Superframes = 2715648 TDMA Frames = 3 hrs 28 min 53 sec 760 ms

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BTS OPERATION & MAINTENANCE TRAINING DOCUMENT

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ULTRASITE CABINET TYPES

Power Supply Units DC AC Base Operations and Interface Unit (1)

TRX Baseband Units GSM (0-6) EDGE GSM (0-6)

Transmission Units (1-4) FC E1/T1 FXC E1 FXC E1/T1 FXC RRI

TRX RF Units GSM (0-12) EDGE GSM (0-12) Combiners & Duplex Filters Dual Duplex Unit (0-6) Wide Band Combiner (0-9)

Receive Multicoupler Units 2-way (0-6) 6-way (0-2)

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2-WAY WBC CONFIGURATION CABLING

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Consists of two parts: Transceiver RF Unit Transceiver Baseband Unit Transceiver RF Unit (1-12 units) Consists of one transmitter, one main receiver and one diversity receiver The TSxx unit performs RF modulation/demodulation and amplification for one RF carrier. This unit handles uplink signals from the Mobile Station (MS) to the BTS and downlink signals from the BTS to the MS. The TSxA unit provides GSM functionality only. The TSxB unit provides both GSM and EDGE functionality. Dual Baseband Unit (1-6 units) Consists of two independent Transceiver Baseband Modules Each Baseband module independently supports its own Transceiver RF Unit. Each module independently controls its own frequency hopping function manage all speech function signalling uses software downloaded from the Base Operations and Interfaces (BOIx) unit. sets internal timing according to clock references from the BOIx unit supports synthesised radio frequency (RF) and baseband (BB) frequency-hopping. DUPLEX UNIT Duplex Unit (0-6 units) Performs duplex operation of the TX and RX signals into a common antenna Provides filtering and amplification for main and diversity receive signals COMBINER Wideband Combiner (0-9 units) Combines the output of two transmitters into one antenna (with 1 WBC) Combines the output of four transmitters into one antenna (with 3 WBC) MULTICOUPLER Distributes RX signals to the TRX RF units. Performs signal splitting for both main and diversity branches 2-way Receive Multicoupler (0-6 units) Used in most wideband combining or combining by-pass configurations. Company Confidential 15/7/05 20

TRANSMISSION UNITS Interconnects UltraSite BTSs Connects other components of the network such as BSCs, and other BTSs through the Abis interface. UltraSite BTS supports 16, 32,and 64 kbits/sec data rates for transceiver RF signaling via Abis interface O&M signaling data rate can be 16 or 64 kbits/s FXC E1 and FXC E1/T1 (Wire line transmission) Provides cross-connection capability at 8 kbit/s Supports grooming, branching and loop protection FXC RRI (PDH Radio Transmission) Connects outdoor units of the Nokia FlexiHopper and MetroHopper or to another radio indoor unit (FC, FXC RRI, RRIC, and FIU19) Provides 2 Flexbus interfaces per card Capacity of Flexbus SW selectable between 2 x 2 Mbit/s, 4 x 2 Mbit/s, 8 x 2 Mbit/s, and 16 x 2 Mbit/s Supports grooming, branching and loop protection Supports up to a distance of 300m with RG214 and 140m with RG223 for outdoor unit Power feed to radio via Flexbus cable Connector type TNC, impedance of 50 ohms Base Operation and Interface units (1 unit) Responsible for the control functions common to all other units such as O&M functions, main clock functions, and external alarms collection DC POWER SUPPLY UNIT PWSB (1-3 units) Operates on DC input power and provides the DC output power voltage BTS can accommodate up to 3 DC power supplies PWSB Supports full redundancy for up to 12 TRX configuration Provide power feed to the MHAs

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Overview of commissioning UltraSite EDGE BTS Preliminary task: Install Site Wizard including required Manager on PC Pay careful attention to all Warnings and Cautions of Commissioning Manual Connect the LMP cable Verify the Installation Power on the UltraSite EDGE BTS Set the BOIx unit 13 MHz clock Commission the BTS with Site Wizard HW configuration FXC transmission configuration BTS commissioning Setting the Base Operation and Interfaces (BOIx) unit 13MHz clock Connect frequency counter to the 13 MHz test connector Set Measurement Period to one second Adjust current DAC Value Save current DAC value Adjust maximum measuring period

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Nokia BTS Manager

Connects directly to the BTS with LMP cable Tool for commissioning, configuring and managing UltraSite EDGE BTS and related transmission equipment Tool for Monitoring and Controlling the BTS operation locally or remotely from OSS Perform BTS Management tasks View and manage the BTS configuration in graphical format or as logical objects Monitor real-time status and alarm information, with continuous and automatic updates during the BTS Manager session Check, load or activate the BTS software locally Reset, block or unblock BTS units, to replace them or for local tests Read new TRX Abis allocations and send them to the BTS, when adding TRXs or altering Abis settings for existing TRXs Site Wizard Applications

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Event View Equipment view Alarm window Logical Objects

Example: BTS manager

Online Help or press F1

Site Wizard Applications

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Nokia BTS HW Configurator Connects directly to the BTS with LMP cable Defines the UltraSite BTS HW Configuration based on: - update an existing configuration file - create new configuration - default HW configuration files delivered with the SW Tool for checking a certain configuration file

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Nokia BTS HW Configurator

Configure and test the transmission units of the BTS and its hub node during commissioning Supports manual or automated commissioning based on a node file

Nokia UltraSite BTS Hub Manager

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15/7/05

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Nokia E1/T1 Manager Provides transmission configuration in UltraSite and MetroSite BTS environment for F(X)C E1/T1 units Traffic Management in BTS Environment with E1/T1 units Provides unit level (Fe E1T1) management in Ultra- and MetroHub for FXC E1 and FXC E1/T1 units BTS Manager and MetroHub Manager compatible Supports - FXC E1 - FXC E1/T1 - FC E1/T1

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Supports the FIU 19 and RRIC indoor units with MetroHopper and FlexiHopper outdoor units Serves as both a local and remote manager from NMS/2000 Configure 2M/bit cross-connections (FIU 19 only) Commissioning, alarm and measurement monitoring, software downloading, transmission statistic viewing Supports: - Nokia Hopper Manager FIU 19, RRIC, FlexiHopper, MetroHopper

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4/4/4 Configuration

3/3/3 Connfiguration

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Reading Transceiver unit LEDS TSXX unit LED LED colour Steady RED Fault or alarm YELLOW In service; transceiver Off (no calls at any time) GREEN Unit is n &operating BB2X unit LED LED colour Steady RED Fault or alarm YELLOW No abis LAPD link GREEN Unit is ON & operating Reading transmission unit LEDS FXC E1/T1 LEDS LED colour Steady RED Unit faulty,critical alarms, incoming signal fault YELLOW Major &minor alarms GREEN Unit is ON & operating

Flashing N/A N/A N/A Flashing N/A Configuring Software loading Flashing N/A N/A Transmission management device is currently accesing the unit

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FXC RRI LEDS LED RED YELLOW GREEN Steady Critical alarms active Flashing Upon masters command, Critical alarms active Major & minor alarms Upon masterscommand, active major or minor alarms active Unit is ON & operating No alarms active

Reading BOIX unit LEDS LED RED YELLOW GREEN Steady Unit faulty No LAPD connection Unit is ON & operating Flashing N/A Configuring S/W loading

Reading Power Supply Unit LED LED Steady RED Unit faulty, O/P , Voltage off ,alarms active. YELLOW O/P voltage off,switch power unit to ON Position. GREEN Unit is ON & operating.

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 Alarm structure in BTS Manager In Nokia BTS Manager you can check the base station workink state by looking at the Equipment view and the Alarm window. Equipment view

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Abis and different telecom states of BTS Abis working: Abis connected: This means that at least the OMUSIG link has been established. Abis not connected: The Abis link is physically disconnected or the OMUSIG link has not been established. The OMUSIG link is not established when, for example, the Disable Abis command has been given from BTS Manager. Telecom status: Telecom working: OMUSIG and all TRXSIGs are workingandall TRXs are unlocked at the BSCandall TRXs are in the unblocked state. Telecom partially working: Some of the TRXSIGs are not workingorsome of the TRXs are locked at the BSCorSome of the TRXs are blocked with BTS Manager. Telecom not working: None of the TRXSIGs are working or all TRXs are locked at the BSCorall TRXs are blocked with the BTS Manager. BCF states The operational state of the BCF is shown in the Equipment and Logical Object views. The following table describes the operational states of the BCF.

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Alarm window

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BSC OPERATION & MAINTENANCE TRAINING DOCUMENT

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CPGO

CPRJ45

CPGO

PDFU 0
PDFU-A

PDFU 1
PDFU-A

PDFU 2
PDFU-A

PDFU 3
PDFU-A

BSC3I HW Configuration :
CLS 0,1
CLOC-B

GSWB 0
SW1C-C

GSWB 1
SW1C-C

BCSU 6
CC3C-A

MCMU 0
CC4C-A

MCMU 1
CC4C-A

OMU
CM2C-A

FTRB 0

FTRB 1

BCSU 0
CC3C-A

BCSU 1
CC3C-A

BCSU 2
CC3C-A

BCSU 3
CC3C-A

BCSU 4
CC3C-A

BCSU 5
CC3C-A

FTRB 2

FTRB 3

ET4C 0
ET4C-B (32*ET2E/A)

ET4C 1
ET4C-B (30*ET2E/A)

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BCSU :

The BSC Signaling Unit (BCSU) performs those BSC functions that are highly dependent on the volume of traffic. One BCSU can handle traffic in a maximum of 110 transceivers (TRXs). The BCSU is housed in a cartridge of its own. It consists of two parts, which correspond to the A and Abis interfaces. The optional Packet Control Units (PCUs) are included in the BCSU.

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MCMU:
DB G RS T

OPR

OPR

OPR

OPR

OPR

ESB20

ESB20

SWCOP-A

MBIF-B 1

MBIF-B 0

O RU LN F O L T E A P DRA SM B CPS I SCS I ETx 0 ERx 0 ETx 1 ERx 1

PSC6-A

RST

RST

O N OF F

J 5

J 5

The marker functions of the MCMU control the Bit Group Switch. These control functions include the connection and the release of the circuits of the switching matrix. When the MCMU performs the marker functions, it exchanges messages with other Call Control Computers via the Message Bus (MB). The Switch Control Interface writes the required connections into the switch control memory and reads its contents. The switch control interface also performs various tests on the switching network, defined by the microcomputer, and generates the required timing signals. The cellular management functions of the MCMU are responsible for cells and radio channels that are controlled by the BSC. This responsibility is centralised in the MCMU. The MCMU reserves and keeps track of the radio resources requested by the MSC and the handover procedures of the BSC. TheMCMUalso manages the configuration of the cellular network. One BSC3i always includes two MCMUs that are permanently connected to the duplicated pair of the Bit Group Switches, the activeMCMUto the active GSWB and the passive MCMU to the passive GSWB. Redundant Ethernet interfaces connect the MCMU to the duplicated LAN switch units.
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CPU

ETH 1 ETH 2

ETH 1 ETH 2

J 7

J 6

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The Group Switch (GSW) conveys the traffic passing through the DX 200 Base Station Controller as well as switching the tones to the subscribers of the exchange and to the trunk circuits. The GSW also establishes the needed connections to the signalling units, the internal data transmission channels and the submultiplexers (SMUX) of the BSC. The operation of the GSW is controlled and supervised by the Marker and Cellular Management Unit (MCMU). The MCMU, which is connected to the other control computers of the exchange via the message bus, performs the needed hunting, switching and releasing functions and tests the through-connections. The GSW and the MCMU are protected through duplication.

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Clock and Synchronization Unit (CLS), This unit is synchronized with a signal coming from an upper level in the synchronization hierarchy of the network (the MSC). Normally, the synchronization signal is extracted from the PCM circuit signal coming to the network elements. The synchronization unit generates the basic timing signals for the units in its own rack needing clock signals. The Clock and Tone Generator (CLxTG) acts as the synchronization unit in the exchange. The CLxTG unit is duplicated for 2n redundancy.

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Operation and Maintenance Unit, The OMU is installed in the MC1C cartridge where the microcomputer of the OMU is. It is composed of the CPU plug-in unit and various other plug-in units. Unless required by the context, the plug-in units will be referred to in the text with their abbreviated names, for example, CPU or MBIF. The tasks of the OMU are to act as an interface between the user and the exchange and to take automatic recovery measures, as needed, based on its collected fault data. The tasks of the Operation and Maintenance Unit are divided into four groups: traffic control functions maintenance system configuration administration system management The traffic control functions include: traffic administration The maintenance includes the maintenance of the exchange, subscriber network and trunk circuits. These include the following functions: supervision alarm output recovery diagnostics
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ET

Exchange Terminal. The ET plug-in unit (ET2E-S or ET2E-T) is used as the PCM trunk circuit interface for a network element based on the DX 200 system. The ET can be connected to no more than two PCM trunk circuits. In the exchange, the ET is also connected to the Group Switch (GSW) and via this to the computer unit supervising the Exchange Terminal, to the Clock Equipment (CLS), to the Hardware Alarm Collection Unit (HWAL) and to the power supply. Input transmission direction

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The Effects of VSWR on Transmitted Power

matter how long you have been a ham, sooner of later you will be involved in at least one discussion of something called the Voltage Standing Wave Ratio, or VSWR, of an antenna system. There is a lot of good information available on VSWR as well as a lot misconceptions about what it is and what it signifies. Probably the most often misconception is that your VSWR should be as close to 1:1 as possible, otherwise " you won't get out very well." A 1:1 VSWR implies a perfect match between all elements of the antenna system. The only problem is that it is possible to have a low VSWR and still have some very serious things wrong with your antenna system. Other misconceptions such as a high VSWR causing television interference, or other unwanted problems are often heard and can cause unnecessary worry. The concept of VSWR is easy to grasp and its importance in an antenna system does not require an engineering degree to understand. WHY VSWR EXISTS Early in electronics you learned that to get maximum power into a load required that the load impedance match the generator impedance. Any difference, or mismatching, of these impedance would not produce maximum power transfer. This is true of antennas and transmitters as well but, except for handie-talkies, most antennas are not connected directly to a transmitter. The antenna is usually located some distance from the transmitter and requires a feedline to transfer power between the two. If the feedline has no loss, and matches BOTH the transmitter output impedance AND the antenna input impedance, then - and only - then will maximum power be delivered to the antenna. In this case the VSWR will be 1:1 and the voltage and current will be constant over the whole length of the feedline. Any deviation from this situation will cause a "standing wave" of voltage and current to exist on the line. There are a number of ways VSWR or its effects can be described and measured. Different terms such as reflection coefficient, return loss, reflected power, and transmitted power loss are but a few. They are not difficult concepts to understand, since in most instances they are different ways of saying the same thing. The proportion of incident (or forward) power which is reflected back toward the transmitter by a mismatched antenna is called reflected power and is determined by the reflection coefficient at the antenna. The reflection coefficient "p" is simply a measure of this mismatch seen at the antenna by the feedline and is equal to: P =(Z1-Zo)/(Z1+Zo) Here Z1 is the antenna impedance and Zo is the feedline impedance. Both Z1 and Zo are complex numbers so "p" is also a complex number. You remember from elementary AC mathematics that a complex number has a "phase angle" associated with it. The phase of the reflected signal will be advanced or delayed depending upon whether the antenna appears inductive or capacitive to Company Confidential 15/7/05 43 the feedline.
o

If the antenna appears inductive the voltage will be advanced in phase, and if the antenna is capacitive, the voltage will be retarded. The reflective signal travels back to the transmitter and adds to the incident signal at that point. Thus, any mismatch at the antenna gives rise to a second 'travelling wave' which goes in the opposite direction from the incident wave. When Z1 = Zo the reflection coefficient is zero and there is no reflected signal. IN this case all power is accepted by the antenna and this is the ideal situation where VSWR is concerned. The problem is that this condition is rarely, if ever, achieved and so "p" will have a value different from zero. Note that "p" can have negative values, but in calculating VSWR from the reflection coefficient, only the "absolute value" is used - which is a positive value lying between 0 and 1. As the two travelling waves pass each other in opposite directions, they set up an interference pattern called a "standing wave". At certain places on the feedline the voltages will add producing a voltage maximum, and at others their relative phase difference will cause a voltage minimum to exist on the feedline. These maximum and minimum points occur 1/4 wavelength apart. In the days when open-wire feedlines were used these points could easily be measured with simple indicators. Coax cable however presents another problem since the "inside" of the cable is not readily available for measurements. Consequently, VSWR measurements on coax are usually made at the transmitter end of the feedline. Therefore you are presented with the VSWR of the entire system which includes all losses associated with the entire system. THE EFFECTS OF ATTENUATION ON VSWR Early in this discussion the statement was made that your VSWR may appear to be very low and yet there could be serious things wrong with your antenna system. Figure 1 shows how this can happen. The curves in the figure represent the forward and the reflected voltage on an antenna which has a feedline loss of 3 dB. and a reflection coefficient of p=0.5. In this example the actual value of voltage is inconsequential and can be considered to be "E". We are only interested in relative values of "E" in any case. The length of the feedline is also arbitrary since we are only concerned with its total loss between transmitter and antenna.

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Company Confidential

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