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The primary interest is to utilize a very large percentage of the fuels energy content, typically 85-95%. Increased efficiency of energy conversion and use
Pollution
67% Total Waste
Line Losses 9%
Fuel
100%
Power Plant
Pollution
100%
CHP Plants
90%
Steam turbines
PROCESS STEAM
Operate on thermodynamic Brayton cycle atmospheric air compressed, heated, expanded excess power used to produce power
Natural gas is most common fuel 1MW to 100 MW range Rapid developments in recent years Two types: open and closed cycle
Open Brayton cycle atmospheric air at increased pressure to combustor High pressure steam produced can drive steam turbine Exhaust gas at 450-600 oC
Working fluid circulates in a closed circuit and does not cause corrosion or erosion Any fuel, nuclear or solar energy can be used
Heat Source
Heat Exchanger
Steam to Process
Direct
Fluid
Heating
Steam
Absorption Preheated
Most common types Back pressure steam turbine Extraction condensing steam turbine
Steam exits the turbine at a higher pressure that the atmospheric Advantages: Simple configuration Low capital cost Low need of cooling water High total efficiency Disadvantages: Larger steam turbine Electrical load and output can not be matched
HP Steam
Boiler
Turbine
Condensat e
Process
LP Stea m
HP Steam
Boiler Fuel
Turbine
LP Steam
Condensate Process
Relatively high capital cost, lower total efficiency Control of electrical power independent of thermal load
Condenser
Primary fuel produces high temperature thermal energy Rejected heat is used to generate power Suitable for manufacturing processes
Combined-cycle
systems use a toppingcycle gas turbine The exhaust gases are then used in a bottoming-cycle steam turbine Approximately 40 - 50% additional power Increased Space Requirements Increased Capital Costs
Load balance
Reasonably balanced relationship between peak and normal requirements for electric power and heat The peak/normal ratio should not exceed 2:1
Load coincidence
High coincidence, not less than 70%,of time and quantity demands for electrical power and heat
Size
There is no absolute minimum size of steam power plant which can be built for cogeneration It can be 100 of MWs
Distribution medium
Distribution medium should be the lowest possible steam pressure or lowest possible hot water temperature
Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) Performance Heat recovery steam generator efficiency (%):
M s x (hs hw ) [ M f x Cp (tin tout )] [ M aux x GCV of Fuel (kCal / kg)] x 100
PROCESS STEAM
Kot
Addu Power Plant with Capacity of 1600MW. The Power Plant comprises of 10 multi fuel fired gas turbines and 5 steam turbines combined cycle technology Fauji Kabirwala Power plant is a 157MW Combined Cycle Power Plant Fauji Foundation Power Company (Daharki) Limited is installing 177 MW Combined Cycle Power Plant
Habibullah
Coastal Power Plant Capacity140 MW (Gross). Technology Combined Cycle. Plant Configuration3 Gas Turbines + 1 Steam Turbine. Company :Uch Power Limited, Capacity 586 MW (Gross), Technology Combined Cycle, Plant Configuration 3 Gas Turbines + 1 Steam Turbine.
747
MW (Gross) Combined Cycle Thermal Power Plant Guddu. SAPPHIRE ELECTRIC COMPANY (Pvt.) Ltd MURIDKE 234 MW Combine Cycle POWER PLANT.