VITAL STATISTICS

RATES & RATIO

 RATE- in vital statistics, a rate shows the
relationship between a vital event and those
persons exposed to the occurrence of said
event, within a given area and during a
specified unit of time. It is evident that the
persons experiencing the event (the
numerator) must come from the total
population exposed to the risk of same
event (the denominator).
 RATIO- it is used to describe the relationship
between two (2) numerical quantities or
measures of events without taking particular
considerations to time or place. These
quantities need not necessarily represent
the same entities, although the unit of
 CRUDE or GENERAL RATES- these
rates are referred to the total living
population. It must be presumed that
the total population was exposed to
the risk of occurrence of the event.
 SPECIFIC RATE – The relationship is for
a specific population, class or group. It
limits the occurrence of the event to
the portion of the population exposed
to it
 Crude Birth Rate- a measure of one
characteristic of the natural growth or
increase of population.

Total no. of live births registered in a given

calendar year

CBR=_____________________________x 1,000

Estimated population as of
July 1 of the same year
 Crude Death Rate- a measure of one
mortality from all causes which may
result in a decrease of population.

Total no. of deaths registered

in a given calendar year
CDR _________________________x
1000
Estimated population as of
July 1 of the same
year
 Infant Mortality Rate – measures the risk
of dying during the 1st year of life. It is a
good index of the general health
condition of a community since it reflects
the changes in the environment and
medical condition of a community.

Total no. of deaths under 1 year of

age
registered in a given calendar year.
IMR=______________________________ x 1,000
Total no. of registered live births
of the same calendar year
 Maternal Mortality Rate- it measures the
risk of dying from causes related to
pregnancy child birth and puerperium. It
is an index of the obstetrical care needed
and received by the woman in a
community.

Total no. of deaths from maternal

causes
registered from a given year.
MMR= _______________________x 1,000
Total no. of live births registered
 Fetal Death Rate- measures
pregnancy wastage. Death of the
product of conception occurs prior to
its complete expulsion, irrespective of
duration of pregnancy.

Total no. Fetal deaths registered in a

given
calendar year.
FDR=________________________x 1,000
Total no. of live births
registered
 Neonatal Death Rate- measures the
risk of dying during the first month of
life. May serve as index of the effects
of prenatal care and obstetrical
management on the newborn.

No deaths under 28 days of age are

registered in a given calendar year
NDR=___________________________x
1,000
No. of live births registered of same
 Specific Death Rate- describes more
accurately the risk of exposure of
certain classes or groups to particular
diseases.
Specific Death Rate

Deaths in specific class or group

registered in a given calendar year
SDR=_______________x 100,000
Estimated population as of July 1 of
the same specified class or group of
the said year
 SDR
 Age Specific Death Rate
 Cause Specific Death Rate
 Sex Specific Death Rate
 Incident Rate- measures the frequency
of occurrence of the phenomenon
during a given period of time. Deals
only with new cases

No. of new cases of a particular

disease registered during a specific
period of time
IR=_____________________________x
100,000
Population at risk
 Prevalence Rate- measures the
proportion of the population which
inhibits a particular disease at
particular time. This can only be
determined following survey of the
population concerned. Deals with total
(old and new) number of cases

No. of new and old cases of a

certain disease registered at a given
time
PR=------------------------------------------x 100
Attack Rate- a more accurate measure
of the risk of exposure.
No. of persons acquiring a disease
registered in a given year
AR=______________________________x 100
No. of exposed to same disease in
same year
 Proportionate Mortality Rate (Death
ratios)- shows the numerical
relationship between deaths from a
cause (or group causes), age (or group
of age) etc. and the total no. of deaths
from all causes in all ages taken
together. Not a measure of risk of
dying

No. of registered deaths from a

specific cause or age for a given
calendar year
PMR=_---------------------------------------------
x 100
 Case Fatality Ratio- index of the killing
power of a disease.

No. of registered deaths from a

specific disease for a given year
CFR=_________________________x 100
No. of registered cases from same
specific disease in same year
 Swaroop’s Index- index of deaths
above 50 year olds

Total deaths, 50 years and

above
Swaroop’s index= ___________________x
100
Total deaths, all ages in
same year
 Describe the health status
of Community X using
statistical data
 Profile of Community X
Total population: 2500
Total live births: 12
Deaths under 1 year of age: 3
Maternal deaths: 2
Total cases of DHF: 6
Deaths due to DHF: 4
Cases of Diarrhea:
i. September: 4
j. October : 3
 Retain in mind:
 You are worth dying for. Don’t give in to
just anybody nor give up to any trials. You
are precious, so in anything you do ,
glorify God.
 You are shaped for God’s purpose.
 John Wesley said,

“Do your best

To all people that you can
At all times when you can
Wherever you can
For as long as you can”
 NATIONAL HEALTH SITUATION
Leading Causes of Mortality
2000
 1. Diseases of the heart
 2. Diseases of the vascular system
 3. Malignant Neoplasm
 4. Pneumonia
 5. Accidents
 6. TB all forms
 7. COPD and allied conditions
 8. Certain conditions originating in the perinatal
period
 9. DM
 10.Nephritis, nephritic syndrome and nephrosis
 Leading Causes of
Morbidity
2001
 1. Diarrheas
 2. Bronchitis/Bronchiolitis
 3. Pneuonia
 4. Influenza
 5. HPN
 6. PTB
 7. Diseases of the heart
 8. Malaria
 9. Measles
 10. Chickenpox
 Leading Causes
Maternal Mortality
2000
 1. Complications related to
pregnancy, labor, delivery and
puerperium
 2. HPN complicating pregnancy,
childbirth and puerperium
 3. Postpartum hemorrhage
 4. Pregnancy with abortive outcomes
 5. Hemorrhage related to pregnancy