NETWORKING

STANDARDS AND PROTOCOLS

2 TYPES OF STANDARDS IN THE NETWORK INDUSTRY:

1. De Jure Standards are non proprietary that are developed with the intention of enhancing connectivity and interoperability. These standards are open to the public for the use of independent hardware manufacturers. One of the examples of nonproprietary is the TCP/IP standards.

2. De Facto Standards are often proprietary and are not available for outside vendors. They arise through widespread commercial and educational use.

ISO OPEN SYSTEMS INTERCONNECTION REFERENCE MODEL

ISO stands for International Standards Organization

ISO
Is a worldwide body made up of representative groups from member nations and is based in Geneva, Switzerland. Its name was derived from the Greek word isos meaning equal. The ISO develops global standards for communications and information exchange, including the seven-layer OSI reference Model for connecting different types of computer systems.

ISO OSI REFERENCE MODEL

It describes how information makes its way from application programs through a network medium to another application program in another program.

7 LAYERS OF OSI REFERENCE MODEL:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Application Presentation Session Transportation Network Data-link Physical

 Top

layers- is where users and application programs communicate with a network. layer is where the actual transmissions takes place. the boundaries that separated

Bottom

Interfaces

the layers.
Protocol

stack is a collection of related protocols used in a particular network.

COMMUNICATION
MODELS

2 COMMUNICATION MODEL:

1.

Horizontal, protocol based model by which programs or processes on different machines communicate.

2. Vertical,

service based model by which layers on a single machine communicate.

COMMUNICATIONS ELEMENTS

THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS

ARE NEEDED IN ORDER TO COMMUNICATE:

At

least two parties wishing to communicate. These can be the same or different programs on each machine, or they can be two layers on the same machine.

common language, or protocol, with these parties can communicate. Horizontally (that is between machines) the two programs need a common protocol or an interpreter to translate for each program. Vertically, layers communicate through APIs (application Program Interfaces). The APIs define the available functions for a layer and provide the mechanisms for invoking these functions.

DATA TRANSMISSION IN THE OSI MODEL

In

data transmission, the data is not passed as a whole. It is broken down into packets or units of information. The packet is passed from one layer to another (from application down to physical layer) and each layer adds its own information called header to packet received. At the receiving end, the packet passes through the layers at a reverse order and the headers are stripped away after they have been utilized.

APPLICATION LAYER
The topmost layer of the OSI serves as an interface for the application processes have an access to network services.

Application layer is not responsible for running applications software like word processors, spreadsheets and the like, it provides interfaces that will enable these applications to communicate and access the network.

PROGRAMS AND PROTOCOLS THAT PROVIDE APPLICATION-LAYER SERVICES INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING:

NICE

(Network Information and Control Exchange), which provides network monitoring and management capabilities FTAM (File Transfer, Access, and Management), which provides capabilities for remote file handling

FTP(File

Transfer Protocol), which provides file transfer capabilities which specifies protocols and functions for message handling and e-mail services

X.400,

CMIP,

which provides network management capabilities based on a framework formulated by the ISO which provides network management within a non-OSI framework

SNMP,

Telnet,

which provides terminal emulation and remote login capabilities. telnets capabilities go beyond the application layer which provides remote log I capabilities for UNIX environments

rlogin,

PRESENTATION LAYER
The

presentation layer is responsible for presenting information in a manner suitable for the applications or users dealing with the information. It acts as the networks translator for it is responsible for converting protocols, translating, compressing and encrypting the data, changing or converting the character set, and expanding graphics commands.

On

the receiving end, the presentation layer translates the machineindependent data from the network into the format understood by the local system. The translation process includes Bit-order translation, Byteorder translation, character-code translation and file syntax translation

APPLICATION LAYER
The seventh OSI model layer (which shouldnt be confused with the TCP/IP stacks Application Layer). It supports network access, as well as provides services for user applications.

PRESENTATION LAYER
The Sixth OSI model layer is the Presentation Layer. It translates data into a format that can be read by many platforms. With all the different operating systems, programs, and protocols floating around, this is a good feature to have. It also has support for security encryption and data compression.