Cic filter

proposed by Eugene Hogenauer in 1981 CIC filter cascade of digital integrators and cascade of combs (digital differentiators)

integrator stage
-1 z

input

output

Single pole IIR filter with a unity feedback coefficient y(n)=x(n)+y(n-1)

4

COMB FILTER
Comb filter is a symmetric FIR FILTER
z -RM

-1 input
+

output

y(n)=x(n)-x(n-RM) R-rate change M-differential delay(1 or 2)

5

Cic filter-transfer function

The system function for a single integrator at fs

The system function for a single comb stage at fs

system function for the composite CIC filter is

FREQUENCY RESPONSE
N

Sin fM e-(jf/R)(RM-1) Sinf/R Magnitude response N | H(f) | = [Sin fM/ Sin f/R] for large value of R N = [RM(Sin fM/ fM)]

H(f) =

Continued..........

CIC decimation filter

Basic structure

The switch subsamples the output of the last integrator stage, reducing the sampling rate from fs to fs/R

CIC interpolation filter

Basic structure

The switch causes a rate increase by a factor of R by inserting R - 1 zero valued samples between consecutive samples of the comb section output.

Cic decimation filter

Integrator and comb sections are operating at the high sampling rate fs decimation by a factor R reduces the sampling rate to fs/R

CIC DECIMATION FILTER frequency response

Cic interpolation filter

Integrator and comb sections are operating at the high sampling rate fs Interpolation by a factor R increases the sampling rate to fs/R

CIC INTERPOLATION FILTER frequency response

MAGNITUDE RESPONSE

when the number of stages is large, the CIC filter frequency response does not have a wide, flat pass band.

Cic compensation filter

To overcome the magnitude droop, a FIR filter that has a magnitude response that is the inverse of the CIC filter can be applied to achieve frequency response correction. Such filters are called compensation filters.

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The compensation filter always operates at the lower rate in a rate conversion design. For data rate down conversion, the compensation filter follows the CIC filter. For up sampling systems, the compensation FIR filter pre-conditions the data and is followed by a CIC filter.

Compensation Filter Response for a 4-Stage CIC Filter,

Continued....

compensation filter operates at low frequency (fS/R). For single rate compensation filters to avoid aliasing, the cutoff frequency (fC) is half its output frequency: fC (fS/R)/2. When the cutoff frequency is exactly (fS/R)/2, the compensation filter has an inverse sinc response across its entire bandwidth, thus it is also called a wideband compensation filter.

Continued.....

In addition to lacking a flat pass band, the CIC filter by itself also suffers from the lack of a well-defined transition band.

This problem can be alleviated by controlling the compensation filter response

Impact of choosing pass band width on noise amplification

Continued........

As the pass band edge gets closer to the null, the CIC filter attenuates more and the compensation filter needs to provide more correction. This correction causes noise amplification in the stop band choose the pass band edge to be less than a quarter of the first null on the low frequency scale fS/R.

Comparison withFIR filter

CIC filters have low pass frequency characteristics FIR filters can have low-pass, high-pass, or band-pass frequency characteristics. o CIC filters use only addition and subtraction. FIR filters use addition, subtraction, but most FIR filters also require multiplication.
o

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CIC filters are in general much more economical than general FIR filters The range of filter shapes and responses available from a CIC filter is somewhat limited. Larger amounts of stopband rejection can be achieved by increasing the number of poles.but this increases filter complexity

References

Eugene B. Hogenauer, An economical class of digital filters for decimation and interpolation, IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and SignaProcessing, pp. 155-162, April 1981. Matthew Donadio, Cascaded Integrator-Comb (CIC) Filter Introduction, available at www.dspguru.com/info/tutor/cic.htm www.altera.com/support/examples/dspbuilder/ exm-digital-down-conv-cic-fir.html

Thank you