M

METROLOGY
LEVEL I TRAINING

BASIC METROLOGY
COURSE OBJECTIVE:

At the end of this course, each participant will be able to apply his/her knowledge of the basic principles of METROLOGY, in his/her assigned work / dept. He/She will be able to use the correct standard terms, procedure, techniques, and gages most commonly used by production, assembly and test, maintenance and quality control personnel.

BASIC METROLOGY

COURSE OUTLINE 1st Day ( 2.0 Hrs. )

Definition of Metrology System of Measurements Definition of Standard and its Importance Basic Quantities and Units Standard Units Commonly used in Moog Related Subjects Measurement Language used in the shop Exercises

BASIC METROLOGY

COURSE OUTLINE 2nd Day ( 2.0 Hrs. )

Micrometers Lines of Coincidence Parallax Error Abbes Law Rule of Ten Exercises On Reading Micrometer

BASIC METROLOGY

COURSE OUTLINE 3rd Day ( 2.0 Hrs. )

Metrological Terms Surface Finish / Texture Surface Finish Measurement Instrument Used

BASIC METROLOGY

COURSE OUTLINE 4th Day ( 2.0 Hrs. )

MOOG Gage Identification System Familiarization on Various Gages Type of Precision Measuring Devices Kinds of Measuring Devices Safety Tips on Measuring Instruments

BASIC METROLOGY

COURSE OUTLINE 4th Day ( Contn. )

Practice on Reading / Using Various Measuring Instruments 5th Day ( 2.0 Hrs. ) Final Exam Summary

BASIC METROLOGY
EARLIEST MEASURING TOOLS
Precision has not always been associated with measurement. At the dawn of civilization, man began to use parts of the body to estimate dimensions and about 6000 B.C., from such measurements, there finally evolve the inch, hand, span, foot, cubit, yard, and fathom, the first standards of measurement.

BASIC METROLOGY
EARLIEST MEASURING TOOLS
The tools of the past did not demand great accuracy. Most products were custom made by the hand and a fraction of an inch one way or the other made a little difference to satisfactory operation.

BASIC METROLOGY
COURSE OBJECTIVE ( 1ST DAY ) At the end of this 2.0 hour session, each particpant must be able to :

Enumerate in his own words, the various definition of METROLOGY, based on the lecture to be given. Identify the two main international system of measurements. Define what is STANDARD. Differentiate the seven basic quantities and their units.

BASIC METROLOGY

State the four standard units of measurement most commonly used in MOOG. Enumerate the four reasons why it is important to have a standard in MOOG. Write fractional units of the English System, based on the six inch rule, with not more than 3 mistakes. Write correctly in words the equivalent amount of 25 decimal inch measurements; the equivalent numerical value of 25 worded decimal inch measurements, with not more than 5 mistakes.

BASIC METROLOGY
METROLOGY - Is the science of measurement. - Is the branch of science that deals with the study of measurement by comparing dimensional conditions, or diverse physical phenomena to generally accepted units of measurements. - Is a branch of technology concerned with the measurement of geometrically defined dimensions.

BASIC METROLOGY
SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENTS a ) METRIC ( SI ) mks = meter - kilogram - second b ) ENGLISH ips = inch - pound - second BASIC QUANTITY - LENGTH - MASS - TEMPERATURE - CURRENT - LUMINOUS INTENSITY - AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE UNIT ENGLISH INCH POUND FAHRENHEIT AMPERE FOOT-CANDLE MOLE METRIC CENTIMETRE KILOGRAM CELSIUS AMPERE CANDELA MOLE

BASIC METROLOGY
STANDARD
ANY ESTABLISHED MEASURE OF EXTENT, QUALITY, QUANTITY OR VALUE. AN ACCURATE EXAMPLE FOR COMPARISON; A MASTER.

STANDARD COMMONLY USED IN MOOG : BASIC QUANTITY UNIT - LENGTH INCH - TIME SECOND - MASS POUND - CURRENT AMPERE - TEMPERATURE ( 68 DEG.) FAHRENHEIT

BASIC METROLOGY
IMPORTANCE OF STANDARDS IN MEASUREMENT TRACEABILITY - REFERS TO CONFORMANCE TO A KNOWN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD. INTERCHANGEABILITY - REFERS TO THE MANUFACTURING CAPABILITY OF PRODUCING PARTS FROM DIFFERENT LOCATIONS WITHOUT SACRIFICING ACCURACY WHEN ASSEMBLED. UNIFORMITY - REFERS NOT ONLY TO THE PHYSICAL STANDARD BUT ALSO TO THE CONDITION WHEREIN CONCEPTS, DRAWINGS AND MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES WILL ALL BE THE SAME. INTERNATIONAL ACCEPTABILITY - PRODUCTS / PARTS MANUFACTURED UNDER A SIMILAR ACCEPTED STANDARD HAS THE ADVANTAGE OF BEING SOLD COMPETITIVELY IN THE INTERNATIONAL MARKET.

BASIC METROLOGY
RELATED SUBJECT USED IN METROLOGY
METROLOGY REQUIRES A GOOD BACKGROUND IN:

MATHEMATICS
PERSONNEL PERFORMING MEASUREMENT WORKS SHOULD BE FAMILIAR WITH :
ARITHMETIC - ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, DIVIDE GEOMETRY - LINES, POINTS, ANGLES, SURFACES TRIGONOMETRY - SINE, COSINE, TANGENT

BASIC METROLOGY
TEMPERATURE
FROM
CELSIUS, C FAHRENHEIT, F CELSIUS, C FAHRENHEIT, F KELVIN, K KELVIN, K KELVIN, K RANKINE, R

TO
KELVIN, K KELVIN, K FAHRENHEIT, F CELSIUS, C CELSIUS, C FAHRENHEIT, F RANKINE, R KELVIN, K

USE FORMULA
K = C + 273.15 K = ( F + 459.67 ) / 1.8 F = 1.8 C + 32 C = ( F - 32 ) / 1.8 C = K - 273.15 F = 1.8 K - 459.67 R = 9/5K K = 5/9R

BASIC METROLOGY
BASIC SI UNITS
QUANTITY UNIT Length Meter Mass Kilogram SYMBOL DEFINITION M Distance traveled by light in vacum during 1 / 299,792,458 of a second. Kg Mass of the international prototype which is in the custody of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures ( BIPM ) at Sevres, near Paris. s The duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom.

Time

Second

BASIC METROLOGY
Electric Ampere A The constant current which, if maintained in two parallel rectilinear conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross section, and placed at a distance of one meter apart in a vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10 N / m length. The fraction 1 / 273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. The amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12. The luminous intensity, in the perpendicular direction, of a surface of 1 / 600,00 square meter of a black body at the temperature of freezing platinum under a pressure of 101,325 newtons per square meter.

Thermodynamic Temperature Amount of Substance Luminous

Degree Kelvin Mole

K mol

Candela

cd

BASIC METROLOGY
The Steel Rule

BASIC METROLOGY

Coffee Break

BASIC METROLOGY
USE OF THE STEEL RULE
Parallax or observational error is the apparent movement of an object as viewed from varied positions. On the left in figure 1, parallax may very well affect the measurement. Parallax will not affect the measurement on the right because the graduation of the scale lies directly on the reference point; therefore, even though the object is viewed from varied positions, the same reading will be obtained. Parallax may also be overcome by aligning ones head so that the line of sight is directly over the measured point.

BASIC METROLOGY
When measuring, one must be certain they are working from the proper reference surface and along the correct line of measurement. It is obvious, on the left in figure 2, that the scale of the rule does not lie along the line of measurement , and incorrect readings will be obtained. On the right in figure 2, the shoulder acts as a suitable reference surface to measure the work piece.

FIGURE 2

BASIC METROLOGY
One must never bend or distort a rule in striving to obtain a more advantageous reference point, as on the left in figure 3. With the rule bent in this manner, it is impossible to obtain a correct measurement. The correct technique in measuring this work piece is shown at the right. An inch graduation is used as a reference point with the scale edge lying directly on the line of measurement. In this manner parallax may be avoided and a reliable measurement obtained.

FIGURE 3

BASIC METROLOGY
MEASUREMENT LANGUAGE USED IN THE SHOP
It has been a traditional practice for MOOG machinist, operators and inspectors to speak in the ENGLISH TONGUE when in reference to measurements in the ENGLISH SYSTEM. For reasons of uniformity and adherence to existing tradition, the examples below are the commonly used expressions UNDERSTOOD and ACCEPTED in the MOOG shop. VALUE READS ( in words ) .001 one ( 1 ) thousandths .010 ten ( 10 ) thousandths .100 one hundred (100 ) thousandths .0001 one tenth ( 1/10 ) thousandths one hundred ( 100 ) millionths .00001 ten ( 10 ) millionths .000001 one ( 1 ) millionths SPOKEN one thou ( thaw ) ten thou one hundred thou one tenth onehundred millionths ten millionths one millionths

BASIC METROLOGY
It will be helpful if we could group the numerical values into three ( 3 ) digits from the decimal point ( . ) going to the right.

. 000 000 000

BILLIONTHS MILLIONTHS THOUSANDTHS EXAMPLE # 1 : .123456 GROUP : .123 456 READS ( in words ) One Hundred Twenty Three Thousandths and Four Hundred Fifty Six Millionths EXAMPLE # 2 : .143445 GROUP : .143 445 READS ( in words ) One Hundred Forty Three Thousandths and Four Hundred Forty Five Millionths

EXERCISES

BASIC METROLOGY
Answers to the Exercises:
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) .005 .011 .250 2.1075 .00005 .300 .000008 .000031 Five thousandths Eleven thousandths Two hundred fifty thousandths Two inches, one hundred seven thousandths & five tenths Fifty millionths Three hundred thousandths Eight millionths Thirty one millionths

BASIC METROLOGY
Answers to the Exercises:
9) .010210 Ten thousandths & two hundred ten millionths or ten thousandths, two tenths & ten millionths Three thousandths & forty two millionths Ten thousandths & one hundred one millionths Twenty three thousandths & one tenth Thirty five thousandths & forty millionths

10) .003042

11) .010101
12) .0231 13) .03504

BASIC METROLOGY
Answers to the Exercises
14) .040 15) .03126 16) .010231 17) 30.1086 18) .000366 19) .105 20) .000150 Forty thousandths Thirty one thousandths & two hundred sixty millionths Ten thousandths & two hundred thirty one millionths Thirty inches, one hundred eight thousandths & six tenths Three hundred sixty six millionths One hundred five thousandths One hundred fifty millionths

BASIC METROLOGY
Answers to the Exercises
21) .023655 22) .000009 23) .600500 24) .000605 25) .000560 Twenty three thousandths & six hundred fifty five millionths Nine millionths Six hundred thousandths & five tenths Six hundred five millionths Five hundred sixty millionths

BASIC METROLOGY
Answers to the Exercises
26) 27) 28) 29) 30) 31) 32) 33) 34) 35) .1018 .556 .2002 .3666 .400 .003006 .100009 .200 .000203 .0008 36) 37) 38) 39) 40) 41) 42) 43) 44) 45) .105 .000050 .000075 .075020 2.005020 .0039 .000020 .007250 .000930 .0000671 46) 47) 48) 49) 50) .9999 .000103 .001001 .0006 .069069

BASIC METROLOGY
Answers to the Exercises
1) 3/16 2) 11/16 3) 1 5/16 4) 1 13/16 5) 2 7/16 6) 2 13/16 7) 3 1/16 8) 3 7/16 9) 3 15/16 10) 1/32 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) 13/32 21/32 25/32 1 3/32 1 15/32 1 25/32 2 5/32 2 17/32 2 23/32 2 29/32 21) 22) 23) 24) 25) 3 3 3 3 4 9/32 7/16 19/32 29/32 1/32