A PEEK INSIDE THE COMPUTER

Click to Functions: Main edit Master subtitle style 1. Processing data into information 2. Maintaining data and instructions in memory

Peripheral Equipment

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THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

Brain of the computer, where all

processing takes place

Consists of: 1.) control unit and 2.)

arithmetic logic unit

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 Microprocessor
- Modern form of CPU; a silicon chip with
multiple circuits that carries signals to execute all the processing that takes place within a computer

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Increasing CPU Capacity

q Integrated Circuits

-- todays electronic semiconductors

q Large Scale Integration (LSI) and

Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) -- enabled engineers to install millions of circuits on one microprocessor

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The Machine Cycle

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Word
Maximum number of bits that the

control unit can fetch from internal memory in one machine cycle.

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The Clock/System Clock

Synchronizes all tasks Clock Rate computer frequency

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The Arithmetic Logic Unit Operations

ALU part of CPU; all arithmetic and

logic operations take place

Arithmetic Operations addition,

subtraction, multiplication, division, etc.

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Memory
Program instructions and data must

be stored; Memory Circuitry

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Registers
A circuitry in the CPU which allows

for the fast storage and retrieval of instructions and data during the various stages of the machine cycle.

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Internal Memory
Main memory; Primary Memory Used for storage of data and

instructions just before they are processed by the CPU, and immediately after they are processed.
Storage spaces: random access

memory (RAM),read-only memory (ROM)

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External Memory
Consists of storage media that allow

for programs and data to be permanently stored

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Random Access Memory

First place all instructions and data

are stored on their way to being processed by the CPU.

Cache (pronounced as cash) made

up of fast memory semiconductor chips

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Read-Only Memory
Small part of internal memory Maintains instructions and data that

the user need not, and should not change.

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Volatile vs. Nonvolatile Memory

Volatile means temporary Nonvolatile means permanent

* ROM is nonvolatile

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Computer Power
1.) The rate at which the CPU

operates
2.) The amount of information the

CPU can process per cycle

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INPUT DEVICES
Keyboard most pervasive input

device * Optimal Keyboard * Ergonomic Keyboard

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Mouse, Trackball, and Track Pad

Touch Screen allows the computer

user to choose operations

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Source Data Input Devices

E.g. bar code scanner Directly copy data without the need

for human intervention

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Imaging/ Image Processing

The process of scanning and storing

shipping documents, insurance policies and claims, personnel files, checks, and many other types of documents

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Voice Recognition
Translates human speech into

computer- readable data and instructions.

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OUTPUT DEVICES
Soft Copy Output Devices 1.) Monitors- most pervasive output

device + Cathode-Ray Tube + Flat-Panel Monitors

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2.) Voice Output- through speakers

+ Voice Synthesizing- using machine sounds to emulate a human voice

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 Hard Copy Output Devices 1.) Nonimpact Printers laser printers 2.) Impact Printers reproduction of

an image on a page requires a mechanical impact

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EXTERNAL STORAGE MEDIA

Punched Cards & Punched Tapes

Magnetic Tapes

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Magnetic Disks

Optical Disks

Optical Tape
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Business Considerations of Storage Media

Trade-Offs

-- both the transfer time and capacity of external storage are major factors, and must both be weighed against cost

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Mode of Access

>> Sequential Storage requires much data to be reviewed in order to access; e.g. tapes

>> Direct Storage allows data to be accessed by address or location on disk

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CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Supercomputers

-- largest, most powerful, and most expensive computers

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Mainframe Computers

-- less powerful and significantly less expensive than supercomputers.

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Minicomputers

-- much smaller than mainframes and less powerful.

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THE MICROCOMPUTER REVOLUTION

Microcomputers collective name for

all desktop computers

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Computers on the Go: Laptop and Notebook Computers

Laptop Computer compact, light,

personal computer operated by a rechargeable battery

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Reduced Instructions Set Computing

RISC these computers trade off

some computing functions for speed, but users does not miss anything if those functions arent necessary

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CONSIDERATIONS IN THE PURCHASE OF HARDWARE

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Power Expandability Ports Ergonomics Compatibility Footprint Support Warranty Cost

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