Biomechanical Basis of Movement

Chapter 12: Linear Kinetics of Human Movement

Why study Kinetics?

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We know how to describe and analyze movement. We need to learn something about the forces that create movements (and injuries). Kinetics gives insight into the interactions that occur when bodies (people) contact each other or their environment.

Newtons Laws
1st-law of inertia s 2nd-law of acceleration s 3rd-law of reaction
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Law of Inertia
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A body will maintain a state of rest or constant velocity unless acted on by an external force that changes the state.
I.e: in absence of a net force the state of motion of an object will not change.

Law of Acceleration
A force applied to a body causes an acceleration of that body of a magnitude proportional to the force, in the direction of the force, and inversely proportional to the bodys mass. s F=ma
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Some important concepts regarding F=ma

cause and effect relationship a directionally proportional to F and in same direction To produce a given a it takes a larger F for a large object

Law of Reaction
For any action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. s When one body exerts a force on a second, the second body exerts a reaction force that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on the first body.
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Tennis ball and racquet

Action force applied to the ball by the racquet accelerates the ball Reaction force applied to the racquet by the ball accelerates the racquet.

What about you pushing on a wall? s You pushing on the earth while walking?
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Law of Gravitation
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All bodies are attracted to one another with a force proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the distance between them.
Fg=Gm1m2/d2 Fg=mag ag = -9.81m/s2

Ground Reaction Force CurveWalking

Friction
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Friction-Force acting at the area of contact between two surfaces in the direction opposite that of motion or motion tendency.

Forces Affecting Movement

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Friction -

applied force

weight friction

reaction force

Friction
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Static friction
The friction present when a force attempts to slide an object on a surface but is not strong enough to actually cause movement

Dynamic friction
The friction present once an object starts to move or slide along a surface.
Also called kinetic friction (symbol: Fk)

Rolling friction
The friction that resists the movement of an object rolling on a given surface.

For static bodies, friction is equal to the applied force. Friction Applied external force

For bodies in motion, friction is constant and less than maximum static friction.

Fa = Applied force parallel to surface (normal force) Fm = Maximum static friction R = Reaction force wt = Object weight

Factors Governing the Magnitude of Friction

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The coefficient of friction (m) General: F = R

R = wt cos q where q = deviation from normal force (if weight). R drawn normal or perpendicular to surface = Unitless- indicating the relative ease of an object moves across a surface - Roughness, adherence properties of BOTH surfaces

The coefficient of friction (): Incline, decline

F = R

R = wt cos where = deviation from normal

force (if weight). R drawn normal or perpendicular to surface

When walking, riding uphill or downhill inc, cos decreases, R decreases, friction wt decreases

Types of Friction
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Maximum Static Friction-Maximum amount of friction that can be generated between two static surfaces. Kinetic Friction-Constant magnitude friction generated between two surfaces in contact during motion.

Types of Friction

Factors that Influence the Amount of Friction Force

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Coefficient of Friction-number that serves as an index of the interaction between two surfaces in contact.
0<<1

Normal Reaction Force-force acting perpendicular to two surfaces in contact.

R

Calculating the Force of Friction

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F=R

F (applied)

wt F R

Two Types of Friction

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Maximum Static Friction Fm=sR

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Kinetic Friction Fk=kR

*k<s

Example
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Nick Saban has increased his weight to 1130N by eating cheeseburgers. If he stands on a 500N blocking sled, how hard must his linemen push to start the sled moving and keep it moving? The static coefficient of friction between the sled and the grass is 0.4 and the kinetic coefficient of friction is 0.25.

Solution-How hard do the linemen push to start the sled moving?

Solution-How hard do the linemen push to keep the sled moving?

Example
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A non-Biomechanics student is trying to move a desk. He pushes on the desk with a force of 100N at an angle of 330. If the desk weighs 75N and the coefficient of static friction is 0.70, does he move the desk?

Pushing a desk

Solution

Solution continued

What would happen if he pulled on the desk with a 100N at 30?

wt Pulling a desk R = wt - Pv

SUMMARY

SUMMARY

Summary

Momentum
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Momentum-product of a bodys mass and its velocity M=mv units: kgm/s

Particularly useful in collisions as collision outcome is directly related to momentum of the colilding bodies just before impact.
Greater momentum of a body, the bigger the effect it will have on other objects it collides with.

Example
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A quarterback is chased from the pocket on a crucial 4th down play. He has a mass of 85kg and is running toward the first down marker at 9m/s. The opposing linebacker (mass=100kg) meets him head-on with a velocity of -8m/s inches from the marker. Does the quarterback make the 1st down?

Solution

Another example
The linebacker wraps up the quarterback during their collision. What is their resulting velocity after the collision? s Hint: Momentum must be conserved; the momentum before the impact must be equal to the momentum after the impact.
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Another solution

Impulse
Impulse-product of a force and the time interval over which the force acts s Impulse =F*t s units: Ns s Ft=M s Ft = mv2-mv1
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Impulse - Applications
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Impulse = Ft = (mv)
We increase an objects momentum (can apply a large force or time exerted or both): (1) hurling a discus or shot put (2) throwing a baseball or softball (3) hitting a baseball or tennis ball (4) takeoff in a high jump (create vertical momentum without losing forward momentum) (5) jump for a rebound in basketball
* flexing the hips, knees, and dorsiflexing the ankle allows for greater force generation (muscle stretch + more force goes to rotating joints) and more time (greater range of motion)

Impulse - Applications
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Impulse = Ft = (mv)
(4) takeoff in a high jump (create vertical
momentum without losing forward momentum)

Area = F t A
Force

Greater in momentum in A than B. Will jump HIGHER

time

Impulse - Applications
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Impulse = Ft = (mv) = mv
We decrease an objects momentum To reduce impact force we increase the contact time (t) This is called CUSHIONING or DAMPING: (1) design of the front end of an auto crash (2) catching a baseball or softball
flexion of elbow + shoulder and deformation of mitt

(3) cushioning of running shoewear, protective gear by deformation If t is doubled, then F decreases by 50%! Injury Prevention

Example
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A bobsled team begins a downhill run by pushing their sled to obtain a maximum velocity. Team Jamaica pushes their 110kg sled over a 5s time interval. If they push with a force of 150N, how fast will the sled be going after the 5s period?

Solution

Another example
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During a Gator baseball game, the catcher (mass = 90kg) was analyzed to determine the effects of catching fast balls. He caught a 45m/s pitch over a 0.3 second time period. How much force was created by the impact of the ball against the glove? The mass of the ball is 0.15kg.

Another solution

Collisions
Impact-collision characterized by the exchange of a large force during a small time interval s Perfectly elastic impact-impact during which the velocity of the system is conserved s Perfectly plastic impact-impact resulting in the total loss of system velocity
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Collisions
Coefficient of restitution-number that serves as an index of elasticity for colliding bodies s 0<e<1
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Coefficient of Restitution
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e = (hb/hd) hb = height of bounce hd = height dropped hd hb

Tennis balls
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A tennis ball actually bounces higher after 800 hits

As long as it has not been out of the can for long

When are tennis balls affected?

5 days out of the can

Example
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A 0.4kg basketball is dropped from a height of 1.5m. Video analysis is used to determine that the ball bounced to a height of 0.95m. What is the coefficient of restitution between the floor and the ball?

Solution

Work
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Work-expression of mechanical energy that is calculated as force multiplied by the displacement of the resistance in the direction of the force W = F*d units: J Another way of expressing the effects of a force! Force causing a change in position.

Power
Power-rate of work production that is calculated as work divided by the time during which the work was done s P = W/t s units: W
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Example
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A football fan is trying to find his seat. His seat is in the 90th row. The difference in height between the seats is 35cm. If the fan weighs 800N, how much work does he do climbing to the 90th row? How much power is generated if he climbs to his seat in 90 seconds?

Solution

We focused on the the positive work (lifting the body). What about lowering the body? Is there work done coming down
Yes, gravity does work on the body that must be resisted by the muscles (ie eccentric muscle activity). Thus muscles are doing negative work!
It cost energy to do negative work and eccentric activity is a major contributor to fatigue and DOMS.

Energy
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Energy-the ability or capacity to do work

units: J

Types of Energy
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Kinetic energy-capacity to do work by virtue of a bodys motion

KE=1/2mv2

Potential energy-capacity to do work by virtue of a bodys position

PE=mgh

Strain energy-capacity to do work by virtue of a deformed body returning to its original shape
SE=1/2kx2

Energy, Work, and Power

sAn alternative analysis to the dynamic analysis of

F=ma for understanding the mechanics of physical systems Provides insight into motion in terms of a combination of kinematics (displacement) and kinetics (force) Provides insight into muscle mechanics in terms of contraction types, roles of muscles, sources of movement

Energy
Energy has many forms chemical, nuclear, electrical, mechanical, and more Energy is often transformed from one form to another: Electricity is used to spin CDs Chemical energy in ATP is used to produce the power stroke and slide actin over myosin Energy is a scalar variable that reflects the energetic state of the object

Energy
Mechanical energy is the capacity to do work and work is the product of force and displacement Work = Force * Displacement Mechanical energy is the capacity to move objects Energy = Zero or positive value (a scalar), Joules = J 1 J is very small move fingers a few centimeters? 133 J lifts 150 lb (666 N) person up one step (20 cm)

Forms of Mechanical Energy

Three basic forms of mechanical energy Potential position Kinetic velocity Strain - elastic stretch (or two forms with PE gravitational & strain)

Potential Energy (or Gravitational

Potential Energy)

1m

Potential Energy = energy of position = energy associated with the weight of an object and its height above the floor P.E. = mgh in kgm2 / s2 = J Runners body has some P.E.: P.E. = 50 kg (9.81 m/s2) (1 m) = 490 J

3m

Vaulter has more P.E. P.E. = 80 kg (9.81 m/s2) (3 m) = 2,354 J

Potential Energy and Work

How does Potential Energy have the capacity to do work?
1m

Hold a bowling ball 1 m above floor P.E. = 71 kg (9.81 m/s2) (1 m) = 698 J Drop the ball on your foot. Did your foot move by the force applied from the bowling ball?

Potential Energy and Work

The potential to do work from the Potential Energy is simply held in check by a supporting force onto the object.
1m

The potential to do work inherent within P.E. is a function of the weight of the object and its velocity at impact (No P.E. in zero gravity)

Linear Kinetic Energy

Kinetic Energy = energy of motion = energy associated with the mass and velocity of an object Linear K.E. = mv2 in kgm2 / s2 = J Jumpers body has Linear K.E.: K.E. = (65 kg) (7.4 m/s)2 = 1,780 J Related to linear momentum = mv

Kinetic Energy and Work

How does Kinetic Energy have the capacity to do work? Step in front of the jumper and find out. The large kinetic energy in her body will cause you to move. The large kinetic energy in her body will enable her to exert force on you which will cause you to move.

Conservation of Mechanical Energy

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When gravity is the only acting external force, a bodys mechanical energy remains constant.
C = PE + KE C = mgh + 1/2mv2

Example
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A 9kg dumbell is being held by the persons side (1.5m above the ground). What is the velocity of the dumbell immediately before impacting the lifters toe if dropped?

Solution

Principle of Work and Energy

W = KE s W = PE s *Non-projectile motion
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Example: How much mechanical work is required to catch a .5kg hockey puck traveling at a velocity of 50 m/s?