LIPIDS

Muhammad Tanveer Khan

INTRODUCTION

Lipidsconstitute a broad group of naturally occurring moleculeswhich includewaxes, fats, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids and others.

FIXED OILS
Fixed oils are esters of fatty acid with glycerol.

PROPERTIES
Non-irritant Odorless Tasteless Non-volatile Insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents Produce greasy mark on paper Upon heating strongly, undergo decomposition Upon hydrolysis, yield glycerol and fatty acid

CHEMISTRY
Fixed oils are esters of fatty acid with glycerol. These May be; Monoglycerides Diglycerides Triglycerides

CLASSIFICATION
On the basis of their ability to absorb oxygen from air; Drying oil Non-drying oil Semi-drying oil

a) Drying oil
When exposed to air, undergo oxidation and form tough and hard film. These are usually used in paints and varnishes. For example; Linseed oil

b) Non-Drying oil
These oils neither undergo oxidation nor form tough and hard film. For example; Olive oil

c) Semi-Drying oil
When exposed to air, undergo little bit oxidation and form tough and thin film. For example; Cottonseed oil

METHODS OF OBTAINING FIXED OILS

Direct expression Solvent extraction Steam treatment + extraction

COTTONSEED OIL
Botanical origin:
Gossypium herbaceum

Family:
Malvaceae

Part used:
Seeds

Collection:

Constituents:
Glycerides of;

Linoleic acid Oleic acid Palmitic acid Stearic acid Arachidic acid Myristic acid

Uses:

Food Emollient Vehicle for injections Preparation of hydrogenated vegetable oils Soap manufacture

Toxicity:
Occur due to intravenous administration of cottonseed oil emulsion. Acute toxicity includes following symptoms; Fever Pain in back or chest Nausea Vomiting Headache Tachycardia Dizziness

chronic toxicity includes following symptoms; GIT bleeding Mild anemia Defects in blood clotting

Treatment of toxicity:
IV hydrocortisone sodium succinate 50grams Promethazine 50mg Heparin (to aid clearance of fat from circulation)

CASTER OIL
Botanical origin:
Ricinus communis

Family:
Euphorbeaceae

Part used:
seeds

Collection:

Constituents:
Glycerides of;

Ricinoleic acid Oleic acid Linoleic acid Stearic acid

Uses:

Purgative Emollient Preparation of zinc and castor oil ointment Sterilized castor oil as soothing agent in eye Oily vehicle for eye drops

Toxicity:

Excessive oral administration in larger doses results in toxicity. Symptoms include; Nausea Colic Vomiting severe purgation Electrolyte imbalance

LINSEED OIL
Botanical origin:
Linum usitatissimum

Family:
Linaceae

Part used:
Seeds

Constituents:
Glycerides of;

Isolinoleic acid Linoleic acid Stearic acid Myristic acid Palmitic acid

Uses:

In veterinary medicine as Purgative

OLIVE OIL
Botanical origin:
Olea europaea

Family:
Oleaceae

Part used:
Ripe fruit

Constituents:
Glycerides of;

Oleic acid Linoleic acid Stearic acid Arachidic acid Palmitic acid

Uses:

Laxative Nutrient Emollient Demulcent

PEANUT OIL
Botanical origin:
Arachis hypogaea

Family:
Leguminosae

Part used:
Seeds

Constituents:
Glycerides of;

Oleic acid Linoleic acid Stearic acid Arachidic acid Palmitic acid Behenic acid Lignoceric acid

Uses:

Vehicles in emulsions, liniments, plasters, soap Ink manufacture Preparation of hydrogenated vegetable oil

CORN OIL
Botanical origin:
Zea mays

Family:
Gramineae

Part used:
Embryo

Constituents:
Glycerides of;

Oleic acid Linoleic acid Stearic acid Arachidic acid Palmitic acid Myristic acid Lignoceric acid

Uses:

Vehicles in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparation Solvent for injections Nutrient

SWEET ALMOND OIL

Botanical origin:
Prunus amygdalus

Family:
Rosaceae

Part used:
Seeds

Constituents:
Glycerides of;

Oleic acid Linoleic acid Palmitic acid Myristic acid

Uses:

Nutrient Demulcent Emollient Preparation of cold creams, hair lotions and toilet articles

COCONUT OIL
Botanical origin: Family:
Palmae

Cocos nucifera

Part used:

Dried solid part of endosperm

Constituents:
Glycerides of;

Lauric acid Myristic acid Capric acid Caprylied acid Caproic acid Oleic acid Palmitic acid Stearic acid

Uses:

Nutrient Confectionaries Cosmetics Ointment base

MUSTARD OIL
Botanical origin: Family:

Brassica juncea

Cruciferae

Part used:
Seeds

Constituents:
Glycerides of;

Linoleic acid Oleic acid Erucic acid

Uses:

Nutrient Rubefacient In preparation of liniments In massages

SESAME OIL
Botanical origin: Family:

Sesamum indicum

Pedaliaceae

Part used:
Seeds

Constituents:
Glycerides of;

Linoleic acid Oleic acid Stearic acid Palmitic acid Arachidic acid

And other components include; Sesamin sesamolin

Uses:
Solvent for intramuscular injection Nutritive Demulcent Emollient Laxative Oily vehicle

SAFFLOWER OIL
Botanical origin: Family:

Carthamus tinctorius

Compositae

Part used:
Seeds

Constituents:
Glycerides of;

Palmitic acid Stearic acid Arachidic acid Oleic acid Linoleic acid Linolenic acid

Uses:
Nutritive

SUNFLOWER OIL
Botanical origin: Family:

Helianthus annus

Compositae

Part used:
Seeds

Constituents:
Glycerides of;

Palmitic acid Stearic acid Arachidic acid Oleic acid Linoleic acid Behenic acid

Uses:

Nutritive Preparation of hydrogenated products Preparation of paints, varnishes and soap

VOLATILE OILS VS FIXED OILS

Volatile oils Volatilize at room temperature Obtained by distillation Leave no spot after evaporation Cannot be saponified Fixed oils Don't get volatiles at room temperature Obtained by extraction After evaporation, do leave spot Can be saponified

Mixtures of oleoptenes and Esters of fatty acid with stereoptenes glycerol High refractive index Low refractive index

FATS VS FIXED OILS

Fats Fixed oils

Solid at room temperature Liquid at room temperature Contain saturated glycerides e.g. glyceryl stearate Contain unsaturated glycerides e.g. glyceryl oleate