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An element is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into two or more simpler substances by chemical means. Matter is made up of tiny particles. There are 3 kinds of particles. Atoms Ions Molecules
Molecules
Ions
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Gold Element
Cut a gold foil into half, and half, and half In the end what would you be left with ?
An Atom
Atoms: Examples
A piece of aluminium foil consists of only aluminium atoms all of which have the same size A piece of copper contains atoms that are of a different size from those in aluminium
Electrons
Nucleus
Relative mass
1
Relative charge
1+
Found in
Nucleus
Neutron Electron
1 0.0005
0 1-
Some Exercises
Particle Relative Relative charge mass Proton 1 1+
Neutron
0 1-
Electron 0.0005
Structure of an Atom
The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons. The nucleus has a positive charge, due to the positively charged protons. The electrons have negative charges and they orbit around the nucleus. Neutrons as the name suggests, is neutral
23 11
Na
Mass (nucleon) number: is the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Hence from the periodic table, you can determine the number of protons and neutron. How about the number of electrons? In an atom, the no. of electrons = no. of protons
Some Exercises
Element
16 8
12 6
9 4
No. of protons
8
No. of neutrons
8
No. of electrons
8
137 56
40 18
C Be Ba Ar
6
4 56 18
6
5 81 22
6
4 56 18
Base on the above diagram, state the number of protons present in the nucleus?
Summary
Definition of an atom
Size of an atom
What is an atom? An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. What are the three subatomic particles that make up an atom? Protons, Neutrons and electrons What particles are found in the nucleus of an atom? What electrical charge do they have? Proton (positively charge) Neutron (no charge)
What particles move around the nucleus? What electrical charge do they have? Electrons. Negatively charged. There is one kind of atom with no neutron. Which atom is it? The hydrogen atom
What makes one kind of atom different from other kinds of atoms? Each atom has a unique number of protons What are the elements in the Periodic Table arranged in order of? They are arranged in order of proton number.
Electrons
Electronic configuration and electronic structure refers to the way the electrons are arranged in an atom.
Shell
Nucleus
Electrons can be filled in the shell and there is a fixed number of electrons that can go into each shell. First shell: maximum of 2 electrons. Second shell: maximum of 8 electrons. Note: The order at which we draw in the electrons is important, North, South, East, West Third shell: maximum of 8 electrons. Note: The inner shell must be filled in FULLY before moving on to the outer shell
Na
(3) The 1st shell can fill two electrons. Note the order in which it is drawn. NSEW (4) Draw and fill on the 2nd shell with 8 electrons.
Beautiful, NEAT drawings When drawing an atom, using the CIRCLE stencil (buy from book shop) will really help achieve the above. Key! All atomic drawing MUST come with a Key! Else we wont know what your means Electron representation. We can use a few shapes to represent electrons. (a) (b) (c)
2.7
F
This number represents the number of electrons in the first shell This number represents the number of electrons in the second shell
Key:
represents electrons of F
The addition of these two numbers should give the total number of electrons of fluorine
Some Exercises
Draw the electronic structure and state the electronic configuration of the first 20 elements.
(Yes I say 20 and its not a typo)
Nucleus
The negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus by electrostatic force.
Charge of an atom
Base on the charges of the sub-atomic particles, what do you think is the charge on an atom? An atom has no charge (i.e. electrically neutral) This is because..
In an atom,
Isotopes
Isotopes are atoms of the same element having the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
Example 1: Hydrogen has 3 isotopes
1 1
H
1 1
2 1
H
2 1
3 1
H
3 1
Hydrogen
Deuterium
Tritium
1 0 1
1 1 1
1 2 1
Isotopes
Example 2: Carbon has 2 isotopes
12 6
C
12 6
14 6
C
C
6
8 6
Carbon 12
Carbon 14
C
6
6 6
14 6
Protons
Neutrons Electrons