A SEMINAR ON

PILL CAMERA
Presented by: Mahesh p IT 7

OVER VIEW
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INTRODUCTION HISTORY ENDOSCOPY EXAMINATION SET INSIDE THE CAPSULE PROCEDURE USES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES FUTURE INNOVATIONS CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION
Patients can now swallow pill-sized, disposable cameras This new esophageal capsule endoscope is a smooth plastic capsule about the size of a large vitamin pill that has tiny video cameras at each end. The pill takes about 2,600 color pictures, which are transmitted to a recording device worn by the patient. The disposable capsule is passed naturally, usually within 24 hours.

HISTORY
The technology available to doctors has evolved dramatically over the past 40 years. Basic endoscopy was introduced in the late 1960s, and about 20 years later, ultrasound was added, enabling us to look at internal GI structures as never before. In 1981,an Israeli physician,Dr.Gavial Idem, began development of video camera that would fit inside a pill. Technology was not ready and idea was put on hold. In 2001,the US.FDA approved the given diagnostic imaging system.

ENDOSCOPY

The word is derived form Greek Endo meaning Inside and Scopy meaning See.

Using an instrument to visually examine the interior of a hollow organ or cavity.

METHODS OF ENDOSCOPY
MAIN METHOD
Gastrointestinal endoscopy Gastroscopy Colonoscopy

OTHER METHODS
X-Rays CT Scans MRI Surgery

PROBLEMS USING ABOVE TECHNIQUES

Patient feel discomfort by above mentioned techniques. Difficult to diagnose the small intestine disorders. Patient get infection. The endoscopy may puncture the organs. Allergic reaction due to contrast agents and dyes in CT scan.

SOLUTION THE CAPSULE CAMERA

Capsule camera can easily diagnose the small intestine disorders. The capsule containing camera used for endoscopy. It is the noninvasive type device known capsule endoscopy developed by Israels for the diagnostic purpose. A small capsule which is not a medication, but rather a single use video color-imaging capsule that hold a microscopic camera gives doctors with better picture of the small bowel than standard X-rays.

EXAMINATION SET

Capsule Sensor Array.

Data Recorder
Belt RAPID Workstation

CAPSULE FEATURES
Size :2.5 cm long and 1.1 cm wide Dimension :11 mm * 26 mm Weight : 4 gm Frame Rate : 2 images/second Magnification : 8x Capsule coating : non-adherent Power Source : Battery. 50,000 images are obtained during an 8 hour exam Disposable.

INSIDE A CAPSULE CAMERA

FUNCTIONS
Optical Dome: Allows tissue to be in focus even if they are to be in contact. Lens: Used to increase the Depth of the field. CMOS Image Sensor: Detects the images. White LEDs: To illuminate the area around the capsule. Batteries: Power the capsule. ASIC Transmitter: Allows the integration of video transmitter of sufficient Power output , Efficiency, bandwidth of small size into capsule.

SENSOR ARRAY
Several Wires are attached to the abdomen like ECG leads to obtain images by radio frequency. These wires are connected to a lightweight data recorder worn on a belt. Used to calculate and indicate the position of capsule in the body.

DATA RECORDER
Data recorder receives and records signals transmitted by the camera to an array of sensor placed on the patients body. It is of the size of walkman It recieves and stores 50000 to 60000 JPEG images on a 9 GB hard drive Images take several hours to download through serial connection.

BELT
A patient wear a receiver belt around his or her waist over clothing A belt is applied around the waist and holds a recording device and a battery pack

RAPID WORKSTATION
Reporting and Processing of Images and Data Image data from the data recorder is downloaded to a computer equipped with software called RAPID Application software. Helps to convert images into a movie and allows the doctor to view the color 3D images.

MOVEMENT OF CAPSULE

PROCEDURE

Sensors placed on patient Patient wears a belt that contains a battery pack and data recorder. Patient ingests capsule around 8am Patient may have clears two hours after ingestion The patient goes about his or her daily routine while the capsule passes painlessly through the GI tract. Patient returns 7-8 hours later After Downloading images,doctor can view the 3D images and diagnose the problem Capsule Exerts in a normal way,so it is disposable

USES
Earliest Cancer Detection Views the Entire GI Tract

Capsule Endoscopy helps the doctor to determine the cause for:~

Recurrent abdominal pain Diarrhea Bleeding Anemia

ADVANTAGES
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Painless, no side affects or complication. Miniature size, so can move easily through the digestive system. Accurate, precise & low power consumption. Image taken are of very high quality which are sent almost instantaneous to the recorder for storage. Made of bio compatible material, doesnt cause any harm to the body.

DISADVANTAGE
Gastrointestinal obstructions and swallowing disorder prevent free flow of capsule through the digestive system. Patients with pacemakers, pregnant women and all pediatrics have to be monitored continuosly while taking the capsule. The procedure is not a replacement for Colonoscopy. Very expensive. It is not reusable.

FUTURE INNOVATIONS

Scientists hope a future version of the camera pill will repair gut problems as well as spot them!

The scientific community at the University of Washington is currently developing a pill-sized camera which would travel through the body looking for signs of disease.

The researchers are negotiating a contract to commercialize the technology. They hope to not only take pictures, but also deliver treatments through the device in future.

CONTINUES

In future the next big challenge is to make this cheaply.

In the future it hope to not only take pictures, but also deliver treatments through the device, and to apply it to other diseases.

CONCLUSION

The Given Endoscopy capsule is a pioneering concept for Medical Technology of the 21st century. The endoscopy system is the first of its kind to be able to provide non-invasive imaging of the entire small intestine. It has revolutionized the field of diagnostic imaging to a great extent and has proved to be of great help to physicians all over the world.

DISCUSSION

Questions ?