Channel Equalization Techniques

Fernando Gregorio
Based on: 1-Adaptive Signal Processing, Benesty-Huang 2-Fundamentals of Adaptive Filtering, Ali H. Sayed

Outline

Introducction Channel equalization Linear equalizers Decision feedback equalizers Adaptive algorithms for channel equalization Adaptive linear equalizer Adaptive DFE Training and tracking Simulations Static channel Time varying channel

Introduction

In a communication system, the transmitter sends the information over an RF channel. The channel distorts the transmitted signal befores it reaches the receiver. The receiver task is to figure out what signal was transmitted Turn the received signal in understandable information.

Linear Equalizers

The current and the past values of the received signal are linearly weigthed by equalizer coefficients and summed to produce the output.

The ISI can be completely removed, without taking in consideration the resultanting noise enhacement Zero forcing equalizer.

A substantial increment of the noise power is created using ZF equalizer.

Introduction

Intersymbol Interference (ISI) Noise

Noise

Channel

desired signal

ISI

noise

Introduction
The purpose of an equalizer is to reduce the ISI as much as possible to maximize the probability of correct decisions

Noise

Channel

Equalizer

Linear Equalizers
Mean-Square Error equalizer From the point-of-view of minimizing error probability, it is adventageous to allow some residual ISI if this can reduce the noise power. The MSE criterion attempts to minimize the total error between the slicer input and the transmitted data symbol.

Power noise

Transmit signal

Decision-Feedback Equalizers

Simple nonlinear equalizer which is particulary useful for channel with severe amplitude distortion. DFE uses desicion feedback to cancel the interferfence from symbols which have already have been detected. The basic idea is that if the values of the symbols already detected are known (past decisions are assumed correct), then the ISI contributed by these symbols can be canceled exactly.

Decision-Feedback Equalizers
Decision feedback equalizer structure

The forward and feedback coefficients may be adjusted simultaneously to minimize the MSE.

Feed back filter (FBF) Input Feed forward filter (FFF) Adjustment of filter coefficients Output + + Symbol decision

Adaptive Equalization

The object is to adapt the coefficients to minimize the noise and intersymbol interference (depending on the type of equalizer) at the output. The adaptation of the equalizer is driven by an error signal.
Error signal

The aim is to minimize:

J E ek

Channel

Equalizer

Adaptive Equalization
There are two modes that adaptive equalizers work; Decision Directed Mode: The receiver decisions are used to generate the error signal. Decision directed equalizer adjustment is effective in tracking slow variations in the channel response. However, this approach is not effective during initial acqusition . Training Mode: To make equalizer suitable in the initial acqusition duration, a training signal is needed. In this mode of operation, the transmitter generates a data symbol sequence known to the receiver. Once an agreed time has elapsed, the slicer output is used as a training signal and the actual data transmission begins.

Stochastic gradient algorithm

The main idea is to minimize the mean square error between the output of the equalizer, and the transmitted signal. Since the number of samples that the receiver observe is finite, mean square is calculated by using time averages instead of ensemble averages. The resulting adaptation algorithm becomes;

Error signal

Received signal

Stochastic gradient algorithm

LINEAR EQUALIZER
Error signal

Trainning mode

Decision directed mode +

Channel

Equalizer

Decision-Feedback Equalizers
Decision feedback equalizer structure

The forward and feedback coefficients may be adjusted simultaneously to minimize the MSE.

Feedback Input F(z) Feed forward Output

C(z)
Adjustment of filter coefficients

Symbol decision

Decision-Feedback Equalizers

Feedback Input F(z) Feed forward Output

C(z)
Adjustment of filter coefficients

Symbol decision

Evaluation 1

Linear equalizer

LMS Wiener solution Scenarios

Channel 1 Channel 2 ( Time varying channel)

Evaluation 1- Linear Equalizer

Static Channel h = [0.2, -0.15, 1.0, 0.21, 0.03]

Lf=5 Delay=4 SNR=30dB

Evaluation 1- Linear Equalizer

Static Channel

h = [0.2, -0.15, 1.0, 0.21, 0.03]

Lf=12 Delay=11 SNR=30dB

Evaluation 1 - Linear Equalizer

Time varying channel

Rayleigh

5 taps, fd=10 Hz , Ts=0.8us

Lf=8 , mu=0.1 Delay=7 SNR=30dB

Evaluation 1 - Linear Equalizer

Time varying channel

Rayleigh

5 taps, fd=80 Hz , Ts=0.8us

Lf=8 , mu=0.1 Delay=7 SNR=30dB

Evaluation 2

Desicion feedback equalizer

LMS Decision direct mode and trainning mode Scenarios

Channel 1 h = [0.2, -0.15, 1.0, 0.21, 0.03] Channel 2 h = [0.2, -0.35, 1.0, 0.51, 0.03]

Evaluation 2

Decision Feedback equalizer (static channel)

Channel 2 Severe ISI

Channel 1

Evaluation 3

Decision Feedback equalizer

Rayleigh

5 taps, fd=20 Hz , Ts=0.8us

Lf=8 , mu=0.015 ,Lfeed=5 Delay=7 SNR=30dB

Evaluation 3

Decision Feedback equalizer

Rayleigh

5 taps, fd=80 Hz , Ts=0.8us

Lf=8 , mu=0.015 ,Lfeed=5 Delay=7 SNR=30dB

Matlab examples

Conclusions

Adaptive equalizer is an essential component of communication systems. Low complexity implementation with a good performance in channel with low levels of ISI is obtained using linear equalizers. In case of channels with severe ISI, DFE is the best option.