Elasticity

• Elastic strain
• Hooke’s law
– Stress is proportional to
strain.
 Longitudinal stress and strain

dl dl
l1 l
True strain dε = εt = ∫ = ln 1
l lo l lo
∆l l1 − lo
Engineering strain εe =
lo
=
lo εt = ln (1 + εe )
F
True stress σt =
A
F
Engineering stress σe =
Ao
σ
Hooke’s law E= E: Young’s modulus
ε
 Shear stress and strain

τ =FA
γ = dl l = tan θ ≈ θ

G= τ
γ

G: shear modulus or
rigidity
 Poisson’s ratio
A body, upon being pulled, tends
to contract laterally.

Poisson’s ratio,
υ = -(lateral strain)/(longitudinal strain)

The stress σ33 generates

ε11, ε22, ε33.
υ = -ε11/ε33 = -ε22/ε33
 Generalized Hooke’s law
Normal stresses generate only normal strains.
Strains produced by σ11: ε11 = σ11/E; ε22 = ε33 = - υσ11/E
Shear stresses generate only shear strains.

1 σ 12
ε 11 = [σ 11 − υ ( σ 22 + σ 33 ) ] γ 12 =
E G
1 σ 13
ε 22 = [σ 22 − υ ( σ 11 + σ 33 ) ] γ 13 =
E G
1
ε 33 = [σ 33 − υ ( σ 22 + σ 11 ) ] σ
E
γ 23 = 23
G

Plane stress: in sheets or plates (one dimension can be

neglected with respect to the other two.)

Plane strain: one of the dimensions is infinite with respect

to the other two.
Elastic properties of materials
 Mohr circle

Positive shear stresses produce counterclockwise rotation.

Negative shear stresses produce clockwise rotation.
Principal stresses and maximum shear
stresses

Maximum shear
stress orientation

45o

Principal stress orientation

Principal stress
orientation
 Pure shear

γ 2 = AC AO

Pure shear
D O

− ε 11 = AB OD
γ 2 = AC AO
Simple
shear
 Relationship between G and E

For pure shear 1

ε 11 = ( σ 1 − υσ 2 ) = σ 1 (1 + υ )
E E
τ = −σ 1
τ = Gγ
Gγ
ε 11 = − (1 + υ )
E
γ
ε 11 = −
2

G is related to E by means of Poisson’s ratio.

E
G=
2(1 + υ )
 Anisotropic effects

 σ 11 σ 12 σ 13   σ 11 σ 12 σ 13 
   
 σ 21 σ 22 σ 23  ≡  σ 12 σ 22 σ 23  σij = σji; εij = ε
σ σ σ  σ σ σ 
 31 32 33   13 23 33  ji

11→1; 22→2; 33→3; 23→4; 13→5; 12→6

 σ 11 σ 12 σ 13   σ 1 σ 6 σ 5 
   
 σ 21 σ 22 σ 23  ≡  σ 6 σ 2 σ 4 
σ   
 31 σ 32 σ 33   σ 5 σ 4 σ 3 

 ε 11 ε 12 ε 13   ε 1 ε 6 2 ε 5 2  ε 4 = 2ε 23 = γ 23
   
 ε 21 ε 22 ε 23  ≡  ε 6 2 ε 2 ε 4 2  ε 5 = 2ε 13 = γ 13
ε   
 31 ε 32 ε 33   ε 5 2 ε 4 2 ε 3  ε 6 = 2ε 12 = γ 12
 Hooke’s law

 σ 1   C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16  ε 1 

    
 σ 2   C21 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26  ε 2 
σ   C C32 C33 C34 C35 C36  ε 3 
 3  =  31  
 σ 4   C41 C42 C43 C44 C45 C46  ε 4 
σ   C C52 C53 C54 C55 C56  ε 5 
 5   51
σ   C C62 C63 C64 C65 C66  ε 6 
 6   61

σi = Cij ε C: stiffness
S: compliance
j

εi = Sij σj
 C11 C12 C13 0 0 0  isotropi
C 0  c
 12 C22 C23 0 0
C11 C12 C12 0 0 0 
C13 C23 C33 0 0 0 
orthorrhomb  
C 
 0 0 0 C44 0 0   12 C11 C12 0 0 0 
ic C12 C12 C11 0 0 0 
 0 0 0 0 C55 0 
   
 0 0 0 0 0 C66   0 0 0 C44 0 0 
 0 0 0 0 C44 0 
 
C11 C12 C13 0 0 C16   0 0 0 0 0 C44 
C C11 C13 0 0 − C16 
 12 C11 − C12
C13 C13 C33 0 0 0  C44 =
tetragonal   2
 0 0 0 C44 0 0 
 0 0 0 0 C44 0   S11 S12 S12 0 0 0 
 
C16 − C16 0 0 0 C66  S S11 S12 0 0 0 
 12 
 S12 S12 S11 0 0 0 
C11 C12 C12 0 0 0   
C 0  0 0 0 S 44 0 0 
 12 C11 C12 0 0
0
C12 C12 C11 0 0 0  0 0 0 S 44 0 
cubic    
 0 0 0 0 0 S 44 
 0 0 0 C44 0 0 
 0 0 
S 44 = 2( S11 − S12 )
0 0 0 C44
 
 0 0 0 0 0 C44 
• The stiffness and compliance matrices are symmetric, and the 36
components are reduced to 21.
• The number of independent elastic constants depends on the
symmetry of the crystals.
• For cubic system, the number is three. C11, C12, C44
• For isotropic system, C44 = (C11 – C12)/2.
– two independent constants
– Lame’s constants:
µ = C44 = 1/S44 = G
λ = C12
– Young’s modulus: E = 1/S11
– Rigidity or shear modulus: G = 1/2(S11 – S12) = 1/S44
– Poisson’s ratio: υ = -S12/S11
– Compressibility (B) and bulk modulus (K):
1 ε 11 + ε 22 + ε 33
B= =
K 1 (σ + σ + σ )
11 22 33
3
 Relationships between stresses and strains for
isotropic materials

1 σ4
ε 1 = S11σ 1 + S12σ 2 + S12σ 3 = [σ 1 − υ ( σ 2 + σ 3 ) ] ε 4 = 2( S11 − S12 )σ 4 =
E G
1 σ
ε 2 = S12σ 1 + S11σ 2 + S12σ 3 = [σ 2 − υ ( σ 1 + σ 3 ) ] ε 5 = 2( S11 − S12 )σ 5 = 5
E G
1
ε 3 = S12σ 1 + S12σ 2 + S11σ 3 = [σ 3 − υ ( σ 2 + σ 1 ) ] σ6
ε 6 = 2( S11 − S12 )σ 6 =
E G

σ 1 = C11ε 1 + C12ε 2 + C12ε 3 = ( 2µ + λ ) ε 1 + λε 2 + λε 3 1

σ4 = ( C11 − C12 ) ε 4 = µε 4
σ 2 = C12ε 1 + C11ε 2 + C12ε 3 = λε 1 + ( 2µ + λ ) ε 2 + λε 3 2
1
σ 3 = C12ε 1 + C12ε 2 + C11ε 3 = λε 1 + λε 2 + ( 2µ + λ ) ε 3 σ 5 = ( C11 − C12 ) ε 5 = µε 5
2
1
σ 6 = ( C11 − C12 ) ε 6 = µε 6
2
Relations among elastic constants for
isotropic materials
Orientation dependence of elastic moduli for
monocrystals

In a cubic material, the elastic moduli can be

determined along any direction, from the elastic
constants and the direction cosines of the direction [i j
k]
1
Eijk
( )(
= S11 − 2 S11 − S12 − 1 S 44 li21l 2j 2 + l 2j 2lk23 + li21lk23
2
)
1
Gijk
( )(
= S 44 + 4 S11 − S12 − 1 S 44 li21l 2j 2 + l 2j 2lk23 + li21lk23
2
)
Orientataion dependence of Young’s
modulus of single crystal
Elastic properties of polycrystalline metals