Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.

publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PowerPoint Lectures for
Biology, Seventh Edition
Aeil Campbell and 1ane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero
Chapter 38 Chapter 38
ngiosperm Reproduction
and Biotechnology
Copyright 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
W ;er;iew: To Seed or Not to Seed
W The parasitic plant Rafflesia arnoldii
Produces enormous flowers that can produce
up to 4 million seeds
Figure 38.1
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W oncept 38.1: Pollination enables gametes to
come together within a flower
W n angiosperms, the dominant sporophyte
Produces spores that de;elop within flowers
into male gametophytes (pollen grains)
Produces female gametophytes (embryo sacs)
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W n o;er;iew of angiosperm reproduction
Figure 38.2a, b
nther at
tip of stamen
Filament
nther
Stamen
Pollen tube
Germinated pollen grain
(n) (male gametophyte)
on stigma of carpel
;ary (base of carpel)
;ule
Embryo sac (n)
(female gametophyte)
FERTILIZATION
Egg (n)
Sperm (n)
Petal
Receptacle
Sepal
Style
;ary
ey
aploid (n)
Diploid (2n)
a) An ideaIized fIower.
b) SimpIified angiosperm Iife cycIe.
See Figure 30.10 for a more detailed
;ersion of the life cycle, including meiosis.
Mature sporophyte
plant (n) with
flowers
Seed
(de;elops
from o;ule)
Zygote
(2n)
Embryo (2n)
(sporophyte)
Simple fruit
(de;elops from o;ary)
Germinating
seed
Seed
arpel
Stigma
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ower Structure
W Flowers
re the reproducti;e shoots of the angiosperm
sporophyte
re composed of four floral organs: sepals,
petals, stamens, and carpels
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W Many ;ariations in floral structure
a;e e;ol;ed during the 140 million years of
angiosperm history
iIateraI symmetry
orchid)
Sepal
RadiaI symmetry
daffodiI)
Fused petals
Semi-inferior ovary Inferior ovary
Superior
ovary
Lupine infIorescence
SunfIower
infIorescence
Maize, a monoecious
species
Dioecious Sagittaria
latifolia common
arrowhead)
REPRODUCTIVE VARIATIONS
SYMMETRY OVARY LOCATION FLORAL DISTRIUTION
Figure 38.3
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,metophyte Deveopment ,nd Poin,tion
W n angiosperms
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an
anther to a stigma
f pollination is successful, a pollen grain
produces a structure called a pollen tube,
which grows down into the o;ary and
discharges sperm near the embryo sac
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W Pollen
De;elops from microspores within
the sporangia of anthers
3 pollen grain becomes a
mature male gametophyte
when its generati;e nucleus
di;ides and forms two sperm.
This usually occurs after a
pollen grain lands on the stigma
of a carpel and the pollen
tube begins to grow. (See
Figure 38.2b.)
DeveIopment of a maIe gametophyte
poIIen grain)
a)
2 Each microsporo-
cyte di;ides by
meiosis to produce
four haploid
microspores,
each of which
de;elops into
a pollen grain.
Pollen sac
(microsporangium)
Micro-
sporocyte
Micro-
spores (4)
Each of 4
microspores
Generati;e
cell (will
form 2
sperm)
MaIe
Gametophyte
(pollen grain)
Nucleus
of tube cell
Each one of the
microsporangia
contains diploid
microsporocytes
(microspore
mother cells).
1
75 3m
20 3m
Ragweed
pollen
grain
Figure 38.4a
MESS
MTSS
KEY
to labels
aploid (n)
Diploid (n)
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ey
to IabeIs
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
;ule
;ule
nteguments
Embryo
sac
Mega-
sporangium
Mega-
sporocyte
nteguments
Micropyle
Sur;i;ing
megaspore
ntipodel
ells (3)
Polar
Nuclei (2)
Egg (1)
Synergids (2)
DeveIopment of a femaIe gametophyte
embryo sac)
b)
Within the o;ule's
megasporangium
is a large diploid
cell called the
megasporocyte
(megaspore
mother cell).
1
Three mitotic di;isions
of the megaspore form
the embryo sac, a
multicellular female
gametophyte. The
o;ule now consists of
the embryo sac along
with the surrounding
integuments (protecti;e
tissue).
3
FemaIe gametophyte
(embryo sac)
Diploid (n)
aploid (n)
Figure 38.4b
1
0
0

3
m
The megasporocyte di;ides by
meiosis and gi;es rise to four
haploid cells, but in most
species only one of these
sur;i;es as the megaspore.
2
W Embryo sacs
De;elop from megaspores within o;ules
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ech,nisms Th,t Prevent Se1ertiiz,tion
W Many angiosperms
a;e mechanisms that make it difficult or
impossible for a flower to fertilize itself
Figure 38.5
Stigma
nther
with
pollen
Stigma
Pin fIower Thrum fIower
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W The most common anti-selfing mechanism in
flowering plants
s known as self-incompatibility, the ability of a
plant to reject its own pollen
W Researchers are unra;eling the molecular
mechanisms that are in;ol;ed in self-
incompatibility
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W Some plants
Reject pollen that has an $-gene matching an
allele in the stigma cells
W Recognition of self pollen
Triggers a signal transduction pathway leading
to a block in growth of a pollen tube
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W oncept 38.2: fter fertilization, o;ules de;elop
into seeds and o;aries into fruits
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Doube ertiiz,tion
W fter landing on a recepti;e stigma
pollen grain germinates and produces a
pollen tube that extends down between the
cells of the style toward the o;ary
W The pollen tube
Then discharges two sperm into the embryo
sac
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W n double fertilization
ne sperm fertilizes the egg
The other sperm combines with the polar
nuclei, gi;ing rise to the food-storing
endosperm
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Stigma
Polar
nuclei
Egg
Pollen grain
Pollen tube
2 sperm
Style
;ary
;ule (containing
female
gametophyte, or
embryo sac)
Micropyle
;ule
Polar nuclei
Egg
Two sperm
about to be
discharged
Endosperm nucleus (3n)
(2 polar nuclei plus sperm)
Zygote (2n)
(egg plus sperm) Figure 38.6
W Growth of the pollen tube and double
fertilization
f a pollen grain
germinates, a pollen tube
grows down the style
toward the o;ary.
1
The pollen tube
discharges two sperm into
the female gametophyte
(embryo sac) within an o;ule.
2
ne sperm fertilizes
the egg, forming the zygote.
The other sperm combines with
the two polar nuclei of the embryo
sac's large central cell, forming
a triploid cell that de;elops into
the nutriti;e tissue called
endosperm.
3
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rom Ovue to Seed
W fter double fertilization
Each o;ule de;elops into a seed
The o;ary de;elops into a fruit enclosing the
seed(s)
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ndosperm Development
W Endosperm de;elopment
Usually precedes embryo de;elopment
W n most monocots and some eudicots
The endosperm stores nutrients that can be
used by the seedling after germination
W n other eudicots
The food reser;es of the endosperm are
completely exported to the cotyledons
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mbryo Development
W The first mitotic di;ision of the zygote is
trans;erse
Splitting the fertilized egg into a basal cell and
a terminal cell
Figure 38.7
;ule
Terminal cell
Endosperm
nucleus
Basal cell
Zygote
nteguments
Zygote
Proembryo
otyledons
Shoot
apex
Root
apex
Seed coat
Basal cell
Suspensor
Endosperm
Suspensor
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$tructure of the Mature $eed
W The embryo and its food supply
re enclosed by a hard, protecti;e seed coat
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W n a common garden bean, a eudicot
The embryo consists of the hypocotyl, radicle,
and thick cotyledons
Figure 38.8a
a) Common garden bean, a eudicot with thick cotyIedons. The
fleshy cotyledons store food absorbed from the endosperm before
the seed germinates.
Seed coat
Radicle
Epicotyl
ypocotyl
otyledons
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W The seeds of other eudicots, such as castor
beans
a;e similar structures, but thin cotyledons
Figure 38.8b
Seed coat
Endosperm
otyledons
Epicotyl
ypocotyl
Radicle
b) Castor bean, a eudicot with thin cotyIedons. The narrow,
membranous cotyledons (shown in edge and flat ;iews) absorb
food from the endosperm when the seed germinates.
Figure 38.8b
Seed coat
Endosperm
otyledons
Epicotyl
ypocotyl
Radicle
b) Castor bean, a eudicot with thin cotyIedons. The narrow,
membranous cotyledons (shown in edge and flat ;iews) absorb
food from the endosperm when the seed germinates.
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W The embryo of a monocot
as a single cotyledon, a coleoptile, and a
coleorhiza
Figure 38.8c
c) Maize, a monocot. Like all monocots, maize has only one
cotyledon. Maize and other grasses ha;e a large cotyledon called a
scutellum. The rudimentary shoot is sheathed in a structure called
the coleoptile, and the coleorhiza co;ers the young root.
Scutellum
(cotyledon)
oleoptile
oleorhiza
Pericarp fused
with seed coat
Endosperm
Epicotyl
ypocotyl
Radicle
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rom Ov,ry to ruit
W fruit
De;elops from the o;ary
Protects the enclosed seeds
ids in the dispersal of seeds by wind or
animals
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W Fruits are classified into se;eral types
Depending on their de;elopmental origin
Figure 38.9a-c
SimpIe fruit. simple fruit
de;elops from a single carpel (or
se;eral fused carpels) of one flower
(examples: pea, lemon, peanut).
a) Aggregate fruit. n aggregate fruit
de;elops from many separate
carpels of one flower (examples:
raspberry, blackberry, strawberry).
b) MuItipIe fruit. multiple fruit
de;elops from many carpels
of many flowers (examples:
pineapple, fig).
c)
PineappIe fruit Raspberry fruit
Pea fruit
Stamen
arpel
(fruitlet)
Stigma
;ary
Raspberry fIower
Each
segment
de;elops
from the
carpel of
one flower
PineappIe infIorescence
Stamen
arpels
Flower
;ary
Stigma
Stamen
;ule
Pea fIower
Seed
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Seed ermin,tion
W s a seed matures
t dehydrates and enters a phase referred to as
dormancy
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$eed Dormancy: Adaptation for 1ough 1imes
W Seed dormancy
ncreases the chances that germination will
occur at a time and place most ad;antageous
to the seedling
W The breaking of seed dormancy
ften requires en;ironmental cues, such as
temperature or lighting cues
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rom $eed to $eedling
W Germination of seeds depends on the physical
process called imbibition
The uptake of water due to low water potential
of the dry seed
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Figure 38.10a
Foliage lea;es
otyledon
ypocotyl
Radicle
Epicotyl
Seed coat
otyledon
ypocotyl otyledon
ypocotyl
Common garden bean. n common garden
beans, straightening of a hook in the
hypocotyl pulls the cotyledons from the soil.
a)
W The radicle
s the first organ to emerge from the germinating
seed
W n many eudicots
hook forms in the hypocotyl, and growth pushes
the hook abo;e ground
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W Monocots
Use a different method for breaking ground when
they germinate
W The coleoptile
Pushes upward through the soil and into the air
Figure 38.10b
Foliage lea;es
oleoptile oleoptile
Radicle
Maize. n maize and other grasses, the shoot grows
straight up through the tube of the coleoptile.
b)
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W oncept 38.3: Many flowering plants clone
themsel;es by asexual reproduction
W Many angiosperm species
Reproduce both asexually and sexually
W Sexual reproduction
Generates the genetic ;ariation that makes
e;olutionary adaptation possible
W sexual reproduction in plants
s called ;egetati;e reproduction
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ech,nisms o1 Asexu, Reproduction
W Fragmentation
s the separation of a parent plant into parts
that de;elop into whole plants
s one of the most common modes of asexual
reproduction
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W n some species
The root system of a single parent gi;es rise to
many ad;entitious shoots that become
separate shoot systems
Figure 38.11
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'eget,tive Prop,g,tion ,nd Agricuture
W umans ha;e de;ised ;arious methods for
asexual propagation of angiosperms
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Clones from Cuttings
W Many kinds of plants
re asexually reproduced from plant fragments
called cuttings
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rafting
W n a modification of ;egetati;e reproduction
from cuttings
twig or bud from one plant can be grafted
onto a plant of a closely related species or a
different ;ariety of the same species
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1est-1ube Cloning and Related 1echniques
W Plant biologists ha;e adopted in vitro methods
To create and clone no;el plant ;arieties
Figure 38.12a, b
ust a few parenchyma cells from a
carrot ga;e rise to this callus, a mass
of undifferentiated cells.
a) The callus differentiates into an entire
plant, with lea;es, stems, and roots.
b)
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W n a process called protoplast fusion
Researchers fuse protoplasts, plant cells with
their cell walls remo;ed, to create hybrid plants
Figure 38.13
50 3m
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W oncept 38.4: Plant biotechnology is
transforming agriculture
W Plant biotechnology has two meanings
t refers to inno;ations in the use of plants to
make products of use to humans
t refers to the use of genetically modified (GM)
organisms in agriculture and industry
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Arti1ici, Seection
W umans ha;e inter;ened
n the reproduction and genetic makeup of
plants for thousands of years
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W Maize
s a product of artificial selection by humans
s a staple in many de;eloping countries, but is
a poor source of protein
Figure 38.14
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W nterspecific hybridization of plants
s common in nature and has been used by
breeders, ancient and modern, to introduce
new genes
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Reducing Word Hunger ,nd ,nutrition
W Genetically modified plants
a;e the potential of increasing the quality and
quantity of food worldwide
Figure 38.15
rdinary rice
Genetically modified rice
Figure 38.16
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The Deb,te over P,nt Biotechnoogy
W There are some biologists, particularly
ecologists
Who are concerned about the unknown risks
associated with the release of GM organisms
(GMs) into the en;ironment
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ssues of Human Health
W ne concern is that genetic engineering
May transfer allergens from a gene source to a
plant used for food
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!ossible ffects on Aontarget Organisms
W Many ecologists are concerned that the
growing of GM crops
Might ha;e unforeseen effects on nontarget
organisms
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Addressing the !roblem of 1ransgene scape
W Perhaps the most serious concern that some
scientists raise about GM crops
s the possibility of the introduced genes
escaping from a transgenic crop into related
weeds through crop-to-weed hybridization
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W Despite all the issues associated with GM
crops
The benefits should be considered