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It turns out that there is a special number associated to a square matrix that tells us if that matrix is invertible!
We call this special number the determinant of the matrix A, or write it as det(A).
a
A=
b
d
det(A) = ad - bc
a
A=
b d
R1
R1 / a
1
A=
b/a d
R2 R2 c*R1
1
A=
b/a d (bc)/a
1
A=
b/a d (bc)/a
So, in order for A to be an identity matrix, we would need the number d (bc)/a to not be zero:
d (bc)/a 0
ad bc 0
det(A)
a
A=
b
d
+
det(A) = + ad - bc
a
A=
b
e h
-
c
f i
a
d g
+
b
e h
+ +
d g
-
Down and to the right, we add. Down and to the left, we subtract.
1
A=
0
2
-
3
1
1
2 5
+
0
-8 2
+ +
REMARK: Since the determinant is not zero, it would be possible to find the inverse of this matrix.
2 5
-
-8 7
det(A) = 1*(-8)*1 + 0*7*5 + 3*2*2 - 3*(-8)*5 - 1*7*2 - 0*2*1 det(A) = -8 + 0 + 12 + 120 - 14 - 0 det(A) = 110
COFACTOR EXPANSION
How do we deal with determinants of higher order matrices? Wouldnt it be nice if we could write these formulas in a simpler way?
To answer these questions, we will use the cofactors of matrix entries. Recall that the cofactor of a matrix entry a(i,j) is defined to be:
Aij = (-1)i+jMij
COFACTOR EXPANSION
Lets revisit the 2x2 determinant:
a11 a12
A=
a21 a22
+
Lets try to rewrite this in terms of cofactors.
COFACTOR EXPANSION
Lets revisit the 2x2 determinant:
a11 a12
A=
a21 a22
COFACTOR EXPANSION
Lets revisit the 2x2 determinant:
a11 a12
A=
a21 a22
COFACTOR EXPANSION
Lets revisit the 2x2 determinant:
a11 a12
A=
a21 a22
Finally, we get rid of the negative signs by using the cofactor. This is why the cofactor has a (-1) in the formula!
COFACTOR EXPANSION
Lets revisit the 2x2 determinant:
a11 a12
A=
a21 a22
We call this a cofactor expansion along the first row. Pretend you are drawing an arrow and whatever entry you hit, multiply that entry by its corresponding cofactor.
COFACTOR EXPANSION
Next, we will show that a cofactor expansion along the first row of a 3x3 matrix gives the 3x3 weave formula.
a
A=
d
g
e
h
f
i
COFACTOR EXPANSION
Ex. 5 The 3x3 Cofactor Expansion
a
A=
b
e
c
f
COFACTOR EXPANSION
Ex. 5 The 3x3 Cofactor Expansion
a
A=
b
e
c
f
COFACTOR EXPANSION
Ex. 5 The 3x3 Cofactor Expansion
a
A=
b
e
c
f
COFACTOR EXPANSION
Ex. 5 The 3x3 Cofactor Expansion
a
A=
b
e
c
f
COFACTOR EXPANSION
So this gives us a way to find determinants of 4x4 or higher matrices! We expand using cofactors (since we cant use the weave formula). Before I give some examples, I will state a theorem that might save you some time. Thm. 6 If A is a square matrix, then det(A) can be expressed as a cofactor expansion along any row or any column of the matrix. In the next few examples, we will see just how awesome this theorem is.
COFACTOR EXPANSION
Ex. 7 Illustration of Thm. 6 - done in class
What we will do next is to calculate the determinants of these types of elementary matrices, so we can see how elementary row operations affect determinant calculations.
1
E1 = 0 0
0
1 0
0
0 2
So the determinant of a Type I elementary matrix is equal to the non-zero number you use!
det(E1) = 2
1
E2 = 0 0
0
1 0
-3
0 1
det(E2) = 1
1
E3 = 0 0
0
0 1
0
1 0
det(E3) = -1
det(EA) det(E)
= det(A)
balancing by dividing
This means if we want to use an elementary row operation on A to make our determinant calculation easier, we can balance this action by dividing by the determinant of our elementary matrix.
(x2,y2)
(x1,y1)
(x3,y3)
To calculate the area, we will calculate the area of three rectangles and three triangles.
(x3,y3)
The area of the first rectangle can be calculated by: l*w = (x2 - x1)y1
(x3,y3)
(x3,y3)
The total area of this shape is: l*w + b*h/2 = (x2 - x1)y1 + (x2 - x1)(y2 - y1)*1/2
(x3,y3)
The area of the second rectangle can be calculated by: l*w = (x3 x2)y3
(x3,y3)
(x3,y3)
The total area of this shape: l*w + b*h/2 = (x3 x2)y3 + (x3 x2)(y2 - y3)*1/2
(x3,y3)
(x3,y3)
(x3,y3)
(x2,y2)
(x1,y1)
(x3,y3)
x1 y1 1
det
x2 y2 1
x3 y3 1
x1 y1 1
Area of triangle = det
x2 y2 1 x3 y3 1
x1 y1 1
Area of parallelogram = det
x2 y2 1 x3 y3 1
CRAMERS RULE
We can use determinants to solve equally determined linear systems in a much quicker way that using Gauss-Jordan elimination. The next method we see is called Cramers Rule. Thm. 14 Let A be an nxn square matrix that is non-singular. Let b be an nx1 column matrix. Let Ai be the matrix obtained by replacing the ith column of A with b. If x is the unique solution of Ax=b, then xi = det(Ai) det(A) , as i ranges from 1 to n.
CRAMERS RULE
Proof: Since A is non-singular, we know the inverse of A exists. We can use it to solve the linear system: Ax = b x = A-1b
x = (1/det(A) * adj(A))b
CRAMERS RULE
Write the formula using general matrices: x = (1/det(A) * adj(A))b
x1 x2 xn
1
A11 A21
=
det(A)
b1 b2 bn
CRAMERS RULE
Lets calculate one of the entries in x:
x1
x2 xn
1 = det(A)
A11 A21
A12 A22 A1n A2n
An1
An2 Ann
b1
b2 bn
CRAMERS RULE
This works for all the other entries in the xvector, so we have proved that Cramers Rule works.
algbriques
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